MEMORANDUM. 


This  electrical  handbook  is  one  of  a  series 
of  ten  similar  handbooks  prepared  under  the  aus- 
pices of  the  American  Institute  of  Electrical 
Engineers  by  the  local  Reception  Committees  in  the 
Cities  of  Boston,  New  York,  Schenectady,  Montreal, 
Niagara  Falls,  Chicago,  St.  Louis,  Pittsburg,  Wash- 
ington,, and  Philadelphia.  These  are  the  stopping 
places  on  tne  circular  to  or  o/^anized  by  the  Institute 
lor  the  reception  and  entertainment  of  its  foreign  guests 
who  visit  the  United  States  in  connection  with  the 
International  Electrical  Congress  at  St.  Louis,  Septem- 
ber 12th  to  17th,  1904.  It  is  hoped  in  these  hand- 
books to  present  short  historical  sketches  of  the  cities 
visited  and  a  rapid  survey  of  the  power  plants  and 
important  electrical  industries  along  the  route. 

St.  Louis.  No.   VV/V 


LOCAL  RECEPTION  GOMMIHEE 

BOSTON    MASS. 


THE  ST.  LOUIS 
ELECTRICAL  HANDBOOK 


THE  ST.  LOUIS 

ELECTRICAL 
HANDBOOK 


Being  a  Guide  for  Visitors  from  Abroad 
Attending  the  International  Electri- 
cal Congress,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 
September,     1904 


Published  under  the  auspices  of 

^  The  American  Institute  of 
Electrical    Engineers 
1904 


Copyright  1904  by  the 

American  Institute  of  Electrical  Engineers 

95  Liberty  Street,  Xew  York 


The  Mason  Press 
Syracuse,  New  York 


CONIENTS 

PAGE 

The  City  of  St.  Louis 3 

International  Electrical  Congress 17 

St.  Louis  Exposition 43 

Historical 45 

The  Grounds 50 

Interesting  Facts  about  the  Exposition   ...     57 

Features  of  the  Exposition 59 

The  Cascades 65 

Illumination  of  the  Exposition        70 

Transportation  within  the  Grounds     ....     75 
Intercommunication  on  the  Grounds       ...     81 

Power  of  the  Exposition 87 

Power  for  Intramural  Railway 89 

Lighting  and  Power -92 

Steam.  Gas  and  Fuels  Building 95 

Arrangement  of  Electrical  Exhibits  in  the  Pal- 
ace of  Electricity 100 

Special  Exhibit ....   107 

New    Applications   of    Electric     Motors    Ex- 
hibited       117 

Foreign  Electrical  Exhibit -     .    122 

Argentine — Belgium 122 

Brazil — Canada — Denmark — France       .    123 

Germany 129 

Great  Britain 131 

Italy— Japan 133 

Mexico — Portugal 135 

Electric  Railways 137 

St.  Louis  Transit  Company 139 

The  St.  Louis  and  Sujjurban  Railway  151 

East  St.  Louis  and  Suburban  Railway    .     .     .155 

Electric  Lighting  and  Power  Stations     ....        163 

The  Union  Electric  Light  and  Power  Company   i6g 


via  Contents 

pac;e 

The  Ashley  Street  Plant 171 

The  Imperial  Plant 194 

Missouri  Edison  Station  ""A"  ....  201 
Missouri  Edison  Station  "'B'"  .  .  .  .  205 
Present  Distribution  S\'stems  ....  208 
General  Plan  of  Future  Distribution  .  .  213 
Direct-Current  Series  Arc  Street  Light- 
ing        215 

The  Construction  of  Subways  ....  218 
Construction  of  Service  Connections  .  219 
The  Electric  Plant  of  the  Laclede  Power 

Company  of  St.  Louis 227 

The   Electric  Plant  of  the  Laclede  Gas 

Light  Compan}' 229 

The  Telephone  in  St.  Louis 231 

The  Bell  Telephone  Company  of  Missouri  .     .   235 
The  Kinloch  Telephone  Company      ....  247 

Isolated  Electrical  Plants 253 

Washington  University 255 

The  Anheuser-Busch  Brewery 260 

The  New  Carleton  Wholesale  Building  .     .     .  263 

Electrical  Manufacturing  Plants      .  267 

The    Wagner    Electric    Manufacturing    Com- 
pany      269 

The   Emerson    Electric    Manufacturing   Com- 
pany      275 

The  Moloney  Electric  Company 277 

The  Columbia  Incandescent  Lamp  Company    .  280 
The  U.  S.  Incandescent  Lamp  Company    .     .  284 


THE  CITY  OF  ST.  LOUIS 


77?^  City  of  St.  Louis 

ST.  LOUIS  is  the  fourth  city  of  the  United  States  in 
population  and  manufactures,  ranking  after  New 
York,  Chicago,  and  Philadelphia.  Its  estimated 
population  at  the  present  time,  based  on  the  gov- 
ernment census  returns  since  1840,  is  in  the  neighborhood 
of  650,000.  The  city,  by  reason  of  its  geographical  loca- 
tion, is  the  natural  metropolis  of  the  immense  territory 
of  the  Southwest,  and  its  industrial  development  has  gone 
hand  in  hand  with  that  of  this  important  part  of  the  coun- 
try. The  rapidly  increasing  settlement  of  this  section, 
due  in  part  to  the  reclaiming  of  heretofore  arid  lands  by 
irrigation  under  government  supervision,  will,  undoubt- 
edly, act  still  further  to  mark  the  city  as  the  Gateway  of 
the  Southwest. 

St.  Louis  is  situated  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Missis- 
sippi River,  about  twenty  miles  below  the  mouth  of  the 
Missouri  River.  It  was  founded  on  February  15,  1764, 
by  Pierre  Ligueste  Laclede  as  an  Indian  trading-post, 
and  was  named  in  honor  of  Louis  IX.  of  France.  In  the 
following  year  the  town  was  made  the  capital  of  Upper 
Louisiana,  under  the  governorship  of  Saii)t-Ange  de 
Rellerive,  although  the  territory  in  which  it  was  situated 
had  been  ceded  to  Spain  by  the  treaty  concluded  in  Paris 
in  1763.  It  remained  under  French  control  until  No- 
vember 2g.  1770,  when  the  Spaniards,  represented  by  Don 
Pedro  Pierras,  took  possession.  In  1800,  however,  the 
French  again  took  possession,  and  retained  it  until  shortly 
after  the  consummation  of  the  Louisiana  Purchase  under 
President  Jefferson.  The  formal  transfer  of  the  terri- 
tory of  Upper  Louisiana  took  place  in  St.  Louis  on  March 
9,  1804.  On  November  9,  1809,  the  town  was  incorpo- 
rated. 

3 


The   St.    Louis 


Electrical   Handbook  5 

Since  that  time  the  development  of  the  city  has  been 
similar  to  that  of  other  typically  American  municipalities. 
For  many  years  St.  Louis  was  the  headquarters  of  the 
great  fur  trade  of  the  Northwest,  and  was  the  starting 
point  of  many  of  the  exploring  parties  which  were  in- 
strumental in  opening  up  the  vast  territory  west  of  the 
Mississippi,  notably  the  Lewis  and  Clark  expedition  and 
that  of  Fremont.  A  city  charter  was  granted  in  1822. 
^lissouri  having  been  admitted  to  the  Union  in  1820,  after 
much  stormy  congressional  legislation  due  to  the  slavery 
question.  In  1848  the  city  was  visited  by  a  terrible  epi- 
demic of  cholera,  and  m  1849  fire  destroyed  nearly  the 
whole  of  the  business  district  and  the  public  buildings, 
embraced  in  the  district  between  the  river  and  what  is 
now  Fourth  street  At  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War  the 
city  was  in.  a  turbulent  condition,  the  sympathies  of  its 
citizens  being  about  equally  divided  between  the  North 
and  South,  due  to  its  position  midway  between  the  two 
^fictions;  but  the  prompt  action  of  Generals  Nathaniel 
Lyon  and  Frank  P.  Blair  saved  the  city  for  the  Union. 
It  was  constantly  occupied  by  troops  and  was  a  base  of 
supplies  for  the  Federal  army.  The  Western  Sanitary 
Commission  had  its  headquarters  here  and  a  large  mili- 
tary hospital  was  also  maintained.  In  1875  the  city  was 
separated  from  the  county  of  St.  Louis,  the  two  now 
having  entirely  independent  governments. 

At  the  present  writing,  the  city  covers  an  area  of  ap- 
proximately sixty-two  square  miles,  with  a  river  front  of 
nineteen  miles.  In  general  plan  it  resembles  a  double 
convex  meni.scus,  with  the  longer  axis  running  north  and 
south,  its  eastern  boundary  being  formed  by  a  wide  sweep 
of  the  river.  The  principal  business  district  occupies  the 
central  eastern  part  of  the  city,  the  river  front  being  given 
up  to  factories,  warehouses  and  railroad  yards.  The  de- 
pression of  the  Mill  Creek  Valley,  running  east  and  west 
near  the  median  line  of  the  city,  is  used  by  the  railroads 
running  to  the  south  and  southwest.  The  fine  residence 
district,  for  which  St.  Louis  is  particularly  noted,  is  in 
the  western  part  of  the  city ;  the  great  number  and  im- 
posing appearance  of  the  fine  residences,  the  majority  of 


6  T  h  c   St.    L  o  11  i  s 

which  are  set  in  spacious  grouncis,  makes  this  section  one 
of  which  the  citizens  may  well  be  proud. 

There  are  2^  public  parks  in  the  city,  with  an  aggre- 
gate area  of  2,183  acres.  Forest  Park,  part  of  which  is 
now  occupied  bj-  the  Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition,  is 
the  largest,  with  an  area  of  1,374  acres,  and  with  the  ex- 
ception of  Fairmount  Park  in  Philadelphia,  is  the  largest 
city  park  in  the  United  States.  Tower  Grove  Park  and 
the  Missouri  Botanical  Garden,  in  the  southwestern  part 


The  Court  House 

of  the  city,  were  both  presented  to  the  city  by  the  late  Mr. 
Henry  Shaw.  The  ^Missouri  Botanical  Garden,  famil- 
iarly known  as  Shaw's  Garden,  is  recognized  as  the  finest 
botanical  garden  in  the  country. 

There  is  at  present  no  system  of  boulevards  connect- 
ing the  various  parks,  but  tentative  plans  for  that  pur- 
pose have  been  prepared  by  the  Kingshighway  Boulevard 
Commission;  the  principal  object  of  this  commission  is 
to  map  out  a  scheme  for  the  improvement  of  Kingshigh- 
way and  its  extension  in  both  directions  to  the  river. 

St.  Louis  has  long  been  noted  for  the  excellence  of  its 
public  school  system,  which  includes  three  high  schools 


Electrical    Handbook 


/ 


and  92  grade  schools.  I'he  architectural  beauty  and  the 
hj'gienic  appointments  of  all  the  more  recent  buildings 
are  worth}-  of  special  mention.  Higher  education  is  pro- 
vided bj'  a  number  of  institutions,  of  which  Washington 
University  is  the  most  important;  a  more  detailed  de- 
scription of  this  University,  which  offers  instruction  in 
all  branches  of  learning  except  theology,  will  be  found  in 
another  part  of  this  volume.  Other  institutions  are  :  St. 
Louis  University  (Roman  Catholic,  opened  1829)  ;  the 
College    of    the    Christian    Brothers    (Roman    Catholic, 


Residence  Section  — Portland  PI.tcc 

1849)  ;  Concordia  Theological  Seminary  (Lutheran, 
1839)  ;  Theological  Seminary  of  the  German  Evangelical 
Synod  of  North  America  (1850)  ;  the  St.  Louis  College 
(jf  Physicians  and  Surgeons  (1879)  ;  Homeopathic  Med- 
ical College  of  Missouri ;  St.  Louis  College  of  Pharmacy, 
and  the  St.  Louis  Training  School  for  Nurses.  There 
are  many  scientific  and  technical  organizations  which 
contribute  to  the  advancement  of  learning  and  culture,  of 
which  the  St.  Louis  Academy  of  Science  is  widely  known 
for  its  valuable  Transactions. 

Before  the  advent  of  the  railway,  St.  Louis  was  fa- 
mous  for  its   river  traffic.      The   peculiar  conditions   en- 


8  T  h  c   S  t .    L  0  II  i  s 

countered  in  navigating  the  Mississippi  and  Missouri 
Rivers,  due  to  a  shallow  and  shifting  channel  obstructed 
by  sand-bars,  brought  about  the  evolution  of  a  type  of 
steamboat  altogether  unique;  and  even  to-day,  when  the 
increased  railway  facilities  have  caused  the  river  trade 
to  shrink  to  a  comparatively  small  volume,  the  Missis- 
sippi boats  are  objects  of  the  greatest  interest  to  stran- 
gers. It  now  appears  probable  that  river  traffic  will  again 
assume  an  important  place  in  the  development  of  the  city, 
due  to  the  government  plans  for  the  construction  and 
maintenance   of  a   deep-water   channel   from   the   Great 


^ 


L'liiun  >;,,tii  III 

Lakes  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  via  the  Chicago  Drainage 
Canal  and  the  Illinois  River.  At  the  present  time,  how- 
ever, the  commerce  of  the  city  is  mainly  handled  by  the 
railroads.  As  a  railroad  centre  St.  Louis  has  a  com- 
manding position,  twenty-four  trunk  lines  terminating 
here.  All  of  them  enter  the  Union  Station,  which  is  one 
of  the  finest,  and  certainly  the  largest,  railroad  station 
now  in  use  in  the  United  States.  This  station,  and  the 
extensive  terminal  facilities  connected  with  it,  are  con- 
trolled by  the  Terminal  Railroad  Association  of  St.  Louis. 
This  association  controls  the  operation  of  the  Eads  and 
Merchants'  bridges  over  the  Mississippi  River,  the  for- 
mer famous  as  the  first  steel  arch  bridge  in  the  world. 
It  was  designed  and  built  by  Captain  James  B.  Eads,  and 
was  finished  in  1874  at  a  cost  of  $6,500,000.     It  is  remark- 


Electrical    Handbook  p 

able  for  the  great  number  of  difficult  engineering  prob- 
lems met  and  solved  for  the  first  time  by  Captain  Eads 
and  his  associates.  It  was  in  the  construction  of  this 
bridge  that  pneumatic  caissons  for  sinking  foundations 
to  bed-rock  were  first  used. 

Local  transportation  facilities  are  furnished  by  two 
independent  systems  of  electric  railways,  both  of  which 
operate  surface  lines  only.  They  are  the  St.  Louis  Tran- 
sit Company  and  the  St.  Louis  and  Suburban  Railway 
Company,  detailed  descriptions  of  which  will  be  found 
under  another  heading.  It  may  be  said  here,  however, 
that  since  the  installation  of  the  additional  equipment 
ordered  by  these  companies  for  handling  the  Exposition 
traffic  the  service  has  aroused  universally  favorable  com- 
ment on  account  of  its  high  efficiency. 

^lunicipal  improvements  are  under  the  general  super- 
vision of  the  Board  of  Public  Improvements,  whose  mem- 
bers, appointed  by  the  mayor,  are  the  heads  of  the  va- 
rious branches  of  the  public  works,  such  as  the  water, 
street,  sewer,  park,  and  harbor  departments. 

The  city  water  supply  is  drawn  from  the  Mississippi 
river  through  an  intake  tower  at  the  Chain  of  Rocks, 
about  eleven  miles  north  of  the  Eads  bridge,  and  is 
pumped  to  a  series  of  six  settling  basins,  with  a  total 
capacity  of  170,000,000  gallons,  by  six  compound,  con- 
densing, low-service  engines  with  a  combined  capacity  of 
160,000,000  gallons  per  24  hours.  The  basins  are  oper- 
ated on  the  weir  system  of  continuous  sedimentation, 
using  sulphate  of  iron  as  a  coagulant.  The  water  is  de- 
livered through  an  ii-ft.  masonry  conduit,  3^  miles 
long,  to  the  Baden  high-service  station,  whose  engines 
have  a  capacity  of  80,000.000  gallons  per  24  hours,  thence 
through  a  g-ft.  conduit  to  the  Bissell's  Point  high-service 
station,  which  has  a  capacity  of  110,000,000  gallons  per 
24  hours.  The  Baden  station  delivers  water  directly  to 
the  mains  at  a  pressure  of  125  pounds,  an  overflow  tower 
being  located  at  the  Compton  Hill  reservoir;  the  latter  is 
in  the  southern  part  of  the  city  and  has  a  capacity  of 
60,000,000  gallons.  The  Bissell's  Point  station  pumps  to 
two  towers  on  a  hill  near  by,  and  thence  directly  to  the 


10 


The   St.    Louis 


mains.  The  distribution  system  consists  of  about  700 
miles  of  pipe  of  various  sizes,  in  connection  with  which 
there  are  about  7,800  fire-phigs  and  4,800  meters. 

The  city  sewers  of  all  sizes  have  a  total  length  of 
562.055  miles,  whose  total  cost  to  date,  including  main- 
tenance, has  been  $1,3,413,052.80. 

The  streets  of  the  city  aggregate  881  miles  in  length, 
of  which  468  miles  are  variously  improved  with  macadam, 
lelford.  novaculite,  asphalt,  bituminous  macadam,  gran- 


The  Merchants  JJridge 

ite,  vitrified  brick,  and  wood  blocks ;  in  addition,  there 
are  124  miles  of  paved  alleys.  During  the  past  year  35.27 
miles  of  streets  and  5.33  miles  of  alleys  were  paved,  and 
it  is  probable  that  during  the  current  year  a  still  greater 
mileage  will  be  constructed.  Improved  streets  are 
sprinkled  by  contract,  and  maintenance  is  done  partly  by 
contract  and  partly  by  the  city  itself. 

Street  and  alley  lighting  is  done  by  contract,  electric- 
ity, gas  and  naphtha  being  used  as  illuminants.  The 
total  number  of  miles  of  streets  lighted  is  672.  Arc 
lighting  is  confined  to  the  district  east  of  Jefferson  ave- 
nue, where  there  are  1,000  arc  lamps  of  the  direct-current. 


Electrical    Handbook 


II 


series,  enclosed  type,  current  being  supplied  from  the 
Tentli  and  St.  Charles  street  plant  of  the  Union  Electric 
Light  and  Power  Company.  The  same  company  also 
furnishes  current  for  8co  30  c-p.  incandescent  lamps.  Gas 
lighting  is  furnished  for  the  residence  districts  by  14,000 
mantle  lamps  at  $6.81  per  thousand  hours.  250  Wehsbach 
lam])s  at  $11  per  thousand  hours,  and  1,400  gas  lamps  at 
$37  P»-'i'  lamp-year.  Gas  is  furnished  by  the  Laclede  Gas 
Light  Company.  In  certain  districts  not  piped  for  gas, 
naphtha  is  used. 


St.  Louis  being  the  metri)pi)lis  of  the  .Mississippi  Val- 
ley, is  deeply  interested  in  all  work  concerned  with  the 
improvement  of  the  river  and  its  tributaries.  Here  are 
located  the  headquarters  of  the  .Mississippi  River  Com- 
mission, in  charge  of  improvements  from  the  mouth  of 
the  Ohio  River  to  the  Head  of  Passes,  near  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico,  and  of  surveys, topographical, hydrographical  and 
hydrometrical,  of  the  river  from  its  head  waters  to  the 
Gulf.  The  United  States  Engineer  Corps  (of  the  .\rniy  ) 
has  charge  of  all  work  between  the  head  w^aters  and  the 
mouth  of  the  Ohio,  and  of  the  snag-boat  service  from  St. 
Louis  to   Xatchez.      I'roni  llii-  mouth  of  the   .Missouri  to 


12 


The   St.    Louis 


that  of  the  Ohio,  the  improvement  consists  of  revetment 
and  contraction  work,  a  low-water  channel  depth  of  eight 
feet  being  maintained  by  hydraulic  dredges.  Examina- 
tions, surveys,  plans  and  estimates  are  now  being  made 
by  direction  of  Congress  for  a  navigable  waterway  four- 
teen feet  deep  from  Lake  Michigan  via  the  Chicago 
Drainage  canal,  the  Illinois  and  Mississippi  rivers  to 
St.  Louis.  This  project  is  in  charge  of  a  board  of  army 
engineers  and  the  Mississippi  River  Commission. 


Industrially,  St.  Louis  has  many  claims  to  distinction. 
Its  proximity  to  the  soft-coal  fields  of  Illinois  renders 
fuel  very  cheap,  thus  making  the  city  a  natural  manufac- 
turing centre.  It  produces  more  smoking  and  plug  to- 
bacco than  any  other  city  in  the  world ;  makes  more 
street  and  railway  cars  than  any  other  city;  is  the  world's 
headquarters  for  the  horse  and  mule  trade,  and  has  the 
largest  shoe  factory.  It  has  the  largest  drug  house, 
woodenware  house,  and  hardware  house  in  the  United 
States,  is  the  greatest  dry  goods  market  west  of  the  Alle- 
ghenies,  and  leads  in  the  manufacture  of  American-made 


Electrical    Handbook  ij 

chemicals.  One  of  its  breweries  has  the  largest  output 
in  the  country  and  is  one  of  the  most  interesting  sights 
of  the  city.  The  Cupples  station  is  the  largest  private 
freight  station  in  the  world,  and  is  a  unique  solution  of 
the  problem  of  handling  freight  without  the  use  of  teams ; 
in  this  station  is  the  most  extensive  single  system  of  ele- 
vators in  America ;  the  medium  for  transmission  is  a 
special  hydraulic  oil  of  very  high  fire  test,  which  retains 
its  fluidity  at  a  temperature  considerably  below  zero  de- 
grees fahr.,  and  which  is  operated  at  a  pressure  of  750 
pounds  per  square  inch. 

In  conclusion,  the  places  of  special  interest  in  the  city, 
aside  from  the  Exposition,  may  be  summarized  as  fol- 
lows :  The  new  grounds  and  buildings  of  Washington 
University ;  the  central  western  residence  district ;  the 
Missouri  Botanical  Garden,  or  Shaw's  Garden ;  the  An- 
heuser-Busch brewery;  the  Cupples  station;  the  Eads 
bridge,  and  the  terminal  plant  of  the  Terminal  Railroad 
Association,  in  the  immediate  neighborhood  of  the  Union 
station. 


INTERNATIONAL  ELECTRICAL 
CONGRESS 


International  Electrical  Congress 

Sei'tember  12-17,  1904 

ELECTRICAL  Congresses  held  in  the  past  have 
had  an  important  influence  for  good  on  the 
world's  progress  in  the  knowledge  of  electricity 
and  magnetism.  It  is  confidently  believed  that 
the  International  Electrical  Congress  of  1904,  to  be  held 
during  the  continuance  of  the  Louisiana  Purchase  Expo- 
sition at  St.  Louis,  will  yield  results  at  least  as  valuable 
as  have  any  of  the  congresses  preceding. 

The  last  International  Electrical  Congress  was  held 
in  Paris  in  1900,  in  connection  with  the  Universal  Expo- 
sition. The  one  preceding  that  was  held  at  Chicago  in 
1893  during  the  Columbian  Exposition.  The  Interna- 
tional Electrical  Congress  of  1904  is  held  under  the  aus- 
pices and  at  the  invitation  of  the  Louisiana  Purchase 
Exposition. 

It  will  comprise  three  distinct  features  : 

1st.  A  Chamber  of  Delegates,  appointed  by  the  va- 
rious governments,  and  essentially  similar  to  the  cham- 
ber of  government  delegates  at  the  International  Elec- 
trical Congresses  of  Chicago  in  1893,  and  of  Paris  in  1900. 
It  would  seem  that  sufficient  material  has  been  collected 
since  1900,  calling  for  international  action,  to  warrant  the 
invitations  extended  to  the  various  governments  to  ap- 
point delegates,  as  they  did  to  Chicago  and  Paris,  to 
attend  the  International  Electrical  Congress  of  St.  Louis. 

The  delegates  appointed  up  to  August  i,  were  as  fol- 
lows :  Austro-Hungary,  Prof.  Charles  Zipernovsky ; 
Italy,  Prof.  Moise  Ascoli,  Prof.  L.  Lombardi,  Ing.  A. 
IMaflfezzini ;  Switzerland,  Prof.  Ferdinand  Weber,  Prof. 
Francjois  Louis  Schule ;  Norway  and  Sweden,  Prof.  G. 
.Xrrhenius;  Australian  Colonics,  John  Hcsketh,  Esq.; 
Brazil.  Scnor  Jorge  Ncwbcry  ;  India,  J.  C.  Shields,  Esq.; 

17 


i8 


The   St.    Louis 


Electrical    Handbook  iq 

Mexico,  Senor  Rafael  R.  Arizpe ;  United  States,  Prof. 
H.  S.  Carhart,  Dr.  A.  E.  Kennelly,  Prof.  H.  J.  Ryan, 
Prof.  S.  W.  Stratton,  Prof.  Elihu  Thomson. 

jnd.  The  main  body  of  the  Congress,  divided  into 
the  following  sections  : 

General  Theory — Section  A,  Mathematical,  Experi- 
mental. 

Applications — Section  B,  General  Applications ;  Sec- 
tion C,  Electrochemistry ;  Section  D,  Electric  Power 
Transmission ;  Section  E,  Electric  Light  and  Distribu- 
tion;  Section  F,  Electric  Transportation;  Section  G, 
Electric  Communication;  Section  H,  Electrotherapeu- 
tics. 

3rd.  Conventions  simultaneously  held,  in  connection 
with  the  Congress,  by  various  electrical  organizations  in 
the  United  States.  It  is  proposed  that  each  section  of 
the  Congress  may  be  able  to  hold  its  meeting  under  some 
plan  in  conjunction  with  the  organization  or  organiza- 
tions devoted  to  the  progress  of  the  work  selected  by  that 
section.  Steps  were  taken  to  enlist  the  support  of  the 
various  organizations,  with  a  view  to  perfecting  the  de- 
tails of  co-operation  in  the  work  to  be  done.  Prominent 
among  the  organizations  which  will  take  part  are : 

The  Institution  of  Electrical  Engineers.  Delegates — 
Mr.  R.  Kaye  Gray  (pres.)  ;  Col.  R.  E.  Crompton,  C.  B. ; 
Prof.  John  Perry.  F.R.S.;  Dr.  R.  T.  Glazebrook,  F.R.S.; 
Mr.  H.  E.  Harrison,  B.  Sc,  B.  A.;  Mr.  W.  Duddell.  Hon. 
Sec'y  of  Delegation. 

La  Societe  Internationale  des  Electriciens. 

Associazione  Elettrotecnica  Italiana.  Delegates — 
Prof.  M.  Ascoli  (pres.)  ;  Prof.  G.  Grassi  (vice-pres.)  ; 
Prof.  L.  Lombardi  (vice-pres.)  ;  Ing.  E.  Jona 

Oesterrichischcr  Elcktrotechnischer  Vercin.  Dele- 
gate— Dr.  Heinrich  Ritter  von  Kuh. 

The  Royal  Society  of  Canada.  Delegates — Prof.  W. 
Lash  Miller,  Prof.  Howard  T.  Barnes. 

The  American  Institute  of  Electrical  luigincers,  to 
hold  a  simultaneous  convention  and  joint  sessions  with 
several  sections.  Delegates — Mr.  Rali)h  D.  Mershon. 
Prof.  M.  I.  Pupin,  Prof.  C.  P.  Steinmctz. 


20 


The   St.    L  o  II  i . 


Electrical    Handbook  21 

The  American  Physical  Society,  to  hold  a  simulta- 
neous convention  and  joint  session  with  Section  A,  15th 
September.     Delegates — to  be  appointed. 

The  American  Electrochemical  Society,  to  hold  a 
simultaneous  convention  and  joint  sessions  with  Section 
C,  13th  and  15th  September.  Delegates — Prof.  W.  D. 
Bancroft.  Prof.  H.  S.  Carhart  (pres.).  Dr.  Louis  Kahl- 
enberg. 

The  National  Electric  Light  x\ssociation.  Delegates 
— Mr.  George  Eastman,  Mr.  G.  Ross  Green,  Dr.  F.  A.  C. 
Perrine. 

The  Association  of  Edison  Illuminating  Companies. 
Delegates— :\Ir.  W.  C.  L.  Eglin,  Mr.  L.  A.  Ferguson,  Mr. 
Gerhard  Goettling. 

The  International  Association  of  ^Municipal  Electri- 
cians, to  hold  a  simultaneous  convention  and  joint  meet- 
ings with  Section  G.  Delegates— ]\Ir.  W.  H.  Bradt,  Mr. 
F.  C.  JNIason,  Mr.  Walter  N.  Petty. 

The  American  Electro-Therapeutic  Association,  to 
hold  a  simultaneous  convention  and  joint  meeting  with 
Section  H,  15th  September.  Delegates — Dr.  Russell 
Herbert  Boggs,  Dr.  Charles  R.  Dickson,  Dr.  James 
Herdman. 

The  United  States  Navy  Department  has  appointed 
as  Delegate  to  the  Congress  Lieutenant-Commander  Jo- 
seph L.  Jayne. 

The  American  Institute  of  Electrical  Engineers  ex- 
tended an  invitation  to  the  Institution  of  Electrical  En- 
gineers of  Great  Britain  to  visit  the  L^nited  States  and  to 
hold  a  joint  meeting  in  St.  Louis  in  connection  with  the 
International  Electrical  Congress.  This  invitation  was 
accepted  by  the  Institution  of  Electrical  Engineers,  and  a 
large  number  of  its  members,  many  accompanied  by 
ladies,  have  signified  their  intention  to  be  of  the  party. 

The  joint  meeting  of  the  British  Institution  and  the 
American  Institute  will  be  held  on  Wednesday,  Septem- 
ber 14. 

The  Department  of  State,  at  Washington,  acting'upon 
requests  sent  from  the  Congress  Committee  on  Organiza- 
tion and  from  tiic  President  of  the  .American  Institute  of 


22 


The    St.    Louis 


Electrical    II  a  n  d  book  .?  ? 

Electrical  Engineers,  forwarded  through  the  Department 
of  Commerce  and  Lahor  and  tlie  Bureau  of  Standards, 
instructed  the  diplomatic  ofhcers  of  the  United  States 
abroad  to  extend  invitations  to  the  various  foreign  gov- 
ernments to  appoint  official  delegates  to  the  Congress. 
These  instructions  were  sent  out  on  December  17,  1903. 
The  list  of  delegates  invited  was  in  accordance  with  the 
lists  of  those  allotted  to  the  various  countries  at  the  Con- 
gress in  Chicago  in  1893  and  at  the  Congress  in  Paris  in 
1900. 

The  proceedings  of  the  Chamljer  of  Delegates  are  to 
be  conducted  in  a  manner  essentially  similar  to  the  meet- 
ings of  the  chambers  of  government  delegates  at  the  In- 
ternational Congresses  of  1893  and  1900. 

The  Connnittee  of  Organization  of  the  Congress  is  as 
follows : 

President — Elihu  'i'homson.  past-president  of  the 
American  Institute  of  Electrical  Engineers. 

J'iee-Prcsideuts — 'Sir.  B.  J.  Arnold,  president  of  the 
American  Institute  of  Electrical  Engineers ;  Prof.  H.  S. 
Carhart,  president  of  the  American  Electrochemical  So- 
ciety; Prof.  W.  E.  Goldsborough,  chief  Department  of 
Electricity,  Louisiana  Purcha.se  Exposition  ;  Mr.  Charles 
I*".  Scott,  past-president  of  the  .American  Institute  of 
Electrical  Engineers ;  Dr.  S.  W.  Stratton,  Director  of  the 
National  Bureau  of  Standards  of  the  United  States. 

General  Secretary — Dr.  A.  E.  Kennelly,  past-president 
of  the  American  Institute  of  Electrical  Engineer,s. 

Treasurer — Mr.  W.  D.  Weaver,  editor  of  the  "Elec- 
trical World  and  Engineer." 

Advisory  Committee — Mr.  15.  .\.  P>ehrend,  Mr.  C.  S. 
Bradley,  Mr.  J.  J.  Carty.  Mr.  .\.  11.  Cowles,  Dr.  R  B. 
Crocker,  past-president  A.  I.  E.  E. ;  Dr.  Louis  Duncan, 
past-president  A.  I.  E.  E. ;  Mr.  R.  A.  I^'essenden,  Mr.  W. 
J.  Hammer,  Mr.  Carl  Hering,  past-president  A.  I.  E.  E. ; 
Dr.  C.  P.  Matthews,  Mr.  K.  B.  Miller,  Dr.  W.  J.  Morton, 
Dr.  E.  L.  Nichols,  Prof.  R.  B.  Owens.  Dr.  1'.  A.  C.  Per- 
rine,  Dr.  M.  I.  Pupin,  ^Mr.  H.  L.  Doherty.  Prof.  J.  W. 
Richards,  past-president  of  the  .American  Electrochem- 
ical Society;  Prof.  H.  J.  Ryan.  Mr.  William  Stanley.  Dr. 


24 


The   St.    Louis 


Electrical    Ha)idbook 


^D 


C.  P.  Steinmetz,  past-president  A.  I.  E.  E. ;  Dr.  L.  B. 
Stillwell,  Air.  Ralph  D.  Mershon,  Mr.  J.  G.  White,  Mr.  A. 
J.  Wurtz. 

Invitations  were  extended  to  all  persons  who  are  in- 
terested in  electricity  and  its  application  to  take  part  in 
the  Congress  and  to  attend  its  meetings. 

Nearly  2,000  acceptances  were  received  up  to  August 
I,  ahout  1,400  subscriptions  were  in  hand  and  about  1,300 
membership  certificates  had  been  issued. 

Special  letters  of  invitation  to  the  number  of  350  were 
issued  on  behalf  of  the  Committee  of  Organization  to 
prominent  electricians  and  electrical  engineers,  signed  by 
the  president  and  general  secretary  of  the  committee, 
requesting  papers  for  the  Congress  in  the  various  sec- 
tions. Of  these  about  an  equal  number  each  were  sent 
to  foreign  authors  and  to  American  authors.  IMany  ac- 
ceptances have  been  received  from  both  foreign  and 
American  authors.  A  tentative  limit  of  the  number  of 
papers  to  be  accepted  was  set  by  the  committee  at  150,  but 
a  greater  number  than  this  were  already  promised  early 
in  August.  Of  these,  103  papers  were  from  Americans 
and  63  from  foreign  authors.  Sixty-four  of  these  papers 
were  then  in  hand  and  were  being  printed  in  advance  of 
the  meeting. 

The  proceedings  of  the  Congress  will  be  published  in 
several  large  volumes  and  a  copy  of  each  will  be  sent  to 
each  member  subscribing  to  the  Congress  More  than 
i,<Sco  acceptances  of  membership  had  been  received  up  to 
the  end  of  the  first  week  in  July. 

Between  September  12th  and  September  17th  the 
office  of  the  secretary  and  of  the  treasurer  will  be  at  the 
Coliseum,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 

The  bureau  oi  information  will  be  maintained  in  the 
Coliseum  during  this  time. 

Delegates  to  the  Congress  of  i()04  will  arrive  in  St. 
Louis  from  Chicago  at  noon  on  Sunday,  September  11, 
They  will  be  received  by  Mr.  W.  V.  N.  Powelson.  Mr.  W. 
A.  Longman  and  the  members  of  the  St.  Louis  Reception 
Committee.  They  will  be  taken  to  the  newly-built  Jef- 
ferson  Hotel,   at    Thirteenth   street   near   Locust,   where 


26 


The   St.    Lou 


rooms  have  been  reserved  and  where  most  of  the  dele- 
gates will  stop,  ihe  Jefferson  is  one  of  the  newest  and 
finest  of  St.  Louis's  hotels,  and  is  situated  only  a  block 
from  the  Coliseum  and  Music  Hall,  where  the  meetings 
of  the  sections  will  begin  on  the  12th. 

On  Sunday  evening  an  informal  reception  will  be  held 
at  the  Jefiferson  Hotel,  at  which  all  the  local  engineers, 
their  wives,  and  the  many  engineers  and  others  who  are 
visiting  the  World's  Fair  will  be  presented. 


The  .\ustrian  Building 

On  Monday  at  9.30  a.  m.  the  opening  ceremonies  of 
the  Congress  will  be  held  in  the  Music  Hall  of  the  Coli- 
seum, at  Olive  and  Thirteenth  streets.  This  will  per- 
haps be  the  last  event  of  any  note  to  take  place  in  this 
building,  which  has  been  the  scene  of  many  interesting 
gatherings  of  national  importance.  The  building  is  about 
to  be  torn  down  to  make  room  for  a  public  library,  the 
foundation  of  which  is  a  million  dollar  donation  by  Mr. 
Andrew  Carnegie. 

It  was  in  this  building  that  the  late  Democratic  Na- 
tional Convention  was  held  at  which.  Judge  Alton  B. 
Parker  was  named  as  a  candidate  for  election  in  Novem- 
ber, 1904.  to  the  Presidency  of  the  United  States,  in  oppo- 


Electrical    Ha  n  d  b  o  o  k  2j 

sition  to  President  Theodore  Roosevelt,  the  nominee  of 
the  Republican  party. 

The  building  was  erected  for  the  St.  Louis  Exposition 
of  September.  1884.  Ground  was  broken  for  it  on  Au- 
gust 22,  1883.  The  building  measures  438  feet  in  length 
by  338  feet  in  width  and  it  is  108  feet  high.  The  Music 
Hall  is  2CX)  feet  long,  120  feet  wide  and  80  feet  high.  It 
has  a  seating  capacity  of  4,000.  During  the  recent  Dem- 
ocratic convention  the  Coliseum  seated  12,400  persons. 

After  the  opening  ceremonies,  the  Congress  will  ad- 
journ and  the  meetings  of  the  eight  sections  will  begin. 
These  meetings  will  be  called  to  order  at  11  a.  m.  They 
will  be  held  in  the  section  rooms  on  the  second  floor  of 
the  Coliseum.  The  meetings  will  adjourn  at  1.30  p.  m. 
on  IMonday,  and  on  Tuesday,  Thursday  and  Friday  at  i 
p.  m.,  so  as  to  give  time  for  the  members  to  visit  the  Fair, 
etc. 

The  eight  sections,  among  which  the  work  of  the  Con- 
gress will  be  divided,  and  the  officers  of  the  sections  are 
as  follows : 

Section  A — Subject:  General  Theory;  Dr.  E.  L. 
Nichols,  Cornell  University,  chairman ;  Prof.  H.  T. 
Barnes,  McGill  University,  secretary. 

Section  B — Subject:  General  Applications;  Dr.  C.  P. 
Steinmetz,  Union  College,  chairman  ;  Dr.  Samuel  Shel- 
don, Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  secretary. 

Section  C — Subject:  Electrochemistry;  Prof.  H.  S. 
Carhart,  University  of  Michigan,  chairman ;  Mr.  Carl 
Hering,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  secretary. 

Section  D — Subject :  Electric  Power  Transmission  ; 
Mr.  C.  F.  Scott,  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  chairman  ;  Dr.  Louis  Bell, 
Boston,  Mass.,  secretary. 

Section  E — Subject:  Electric  Light  and  Distribution; 
Mr.  J.  W.  Lieb.  jr..  New  York,  chairman;  Mr.  Gano  S. 
Dunn,  New  York,  secretary. 

Section  F — Subject:  Electric  Transportation;  Dr. 
Louis  Duncan,  Massachusetts  Institute  Technology, 
chairman ;  Mr.  .\.  H.  .\rmstrong,  Schenectady,  X.  Y.. 
secretary. 

Section  G — Subject:  Electric  Conununication  :  Mr.  F. 


28  The    St.    Louis 

W.  Jones,  New  York,  chairman ;  Mr.  Bancroft  Gherardi, 
New  York,  secretary. 

Section  H — Subject:  Electro-therapeutics;  Dr.  W.  J. 
Morton,  New  York,  chairman ;  Mr.  W.  J.  Jenks,  New 
York,  secretary. 

The  chairmen  and  secretaries  (jf  the  various  sections 
are  also  honorary  members  of  the  Advisory  Committee 
of  Organization. 

The  following  are  the  preliminary  programmes  of  the 
different  sections,  giving  the  name  of  the  author  and  the 
title  of  his  paper: 

Scct!0)i  A. — General  Theory — Mathematical,  Experi- 
mental: Prof.  Dr.  Moise  Ascoli,  Systems  of  Electric 
Units  (A.  E.  L.  paper)  ;  Prof.  Dr.  Paul  Drude,  Aletallic 
Conduction  from  the  Standpoint  of  Electronic  Theory ; 
Prof.  Dr.  W.  Jaeger,  Electrical  Standards ;  Prof.  H. 
Nagaoka,  Magneto-Striction;  Prof.  J.  S.  Townsend,  The 
Theory  of  Ionization  by  Collision ;  Prof.  J.  J.  Thomson, 
The  Corpsucular  Theory ;  M.  J.  Violle,  Secondary  Stand- 
ards of  Light ;  Prof.  C.  T.  R.  Wilson,  F.  R.  S.,  Condensa- 
tion Nuclei ;  Prof.  P.  Zeeman,  Recent  Progress  in  Mag- 
neto-Optics ;  Dr.  Carl  Barus,  Atmospheric  Nuclei ;  Prof. 
Howard  T.  Barnes,  The  Mechanical  Equivalent  of  Heat 
as  Determined  b}-  Electrical  Means  (Roy.  Soc,  Canada, 
paper)  ;  Dr.  L.  A.  Bauer,  The  State  of  Our  Knowledge 
Regarding  the  Earth's  Magnetism  and  the  Recent  Re- 
markable ^Magnetic  Storms ;  Prof.  D.  B.  Brace,  Magneto- 
Optics  ;  Prof.  H.  S.  Carhart  and  Prof.  G.  W.  Patterson, 
Jr.,  The  Absolute  Value  of  the  Electromotive  Force  of 
the  Clark  and  Weston  Cells ;  Prof.  C.  D.  Child,  The  Elec- 
tric Arc ;  Dr.  K.  E.  Guthe,  Coherer  Action  ;  Dr.  A.  E. 
Kennelly,  The  Alternating  Current  Theory  of  Transmis- 
sion-Speed over  Submarine  Telegraph  Cables ;  Prof.  E. 
Percival  Lewis,  The  Electrical  Conductivity  of  Gases ; 
Prof.  E.  Louis  Alore,  Electrostriction ;  Prof.  J.  C.  Mc- 
Lennan, Radio-activity  of  Mineral  Oils  and  Natural 
Gases ;  Prof.  E.  F.  Nichols,  The  Unobtained-  Wave- 
Lengths  between  the  Longest  Thermal  and  the  Shortest 
Electric  Waves  yet  Measured ;  Prof.  E.  L.  Nichols, 
Standards  of  Light;  Dr.  H.  Pender,  The  ^^lagnetic  Effect 


Electrical    Handbook  2<) 

of  Moving  Charges;  Prof.  M.  T.  Pupin,  Electrical  Im- 
pulses and  Multiple  Oscillators  (A.  I.  E.  E.  paper)  ;  Dr. 
E.  B.  Rosa  and  Mr.  F.  W.  Grover,  The  Absolute  ]\Ieas- 
urement  of  Capacity  and  Inductance ;  Prof.  E.  Ruther- 
ford, Radioactive  Change ;  Prof.  J.  Trowbridge,  Spectra 
of  Gases  at  High  Temperatures ;  Prof.  A.  G.  Webster, 
Report  on  Recent  Developments  in  Electrical  Theory ; 
Prof.  J.  Zeleny,  The  Discharge  from  Points ;  Dr.  A.  E. 
Wolff,  The  So-called  International  Electric  Units. 

Section  B. — General  Al>l^lications:  Prof.  E.  Arnold 
and  J.  L.  La  Cour,  The  Commutation  of  D.  C.  and  A.  C. 
Machines ;  Dr.  O.  S.  Bragstad,  Theory  and  ^Method  of 
Operation  of  Repulsion  Motors ;  M.  Andre  Blondel,  Cal- 
culation and  Tests  of  Alternators ;  Col.  R.  E.  Crompton, 
Standardization  of  Dj^namo-Electric  Machinery  and  Ap- 
paratus; Profs.  Drs.  Elster  and  Geitel,  Concerning  Nat- 
ural Radio-activity  of  the  Atmosphere  and  the  Earth; 
Pterr  Clarence  Feldmann  and  Joseph  Herzog,  The  Dis- 
tribution of  Voltage  and  Current  in  Closed  Conducting 
Networks ;  M.  Alexander  Heyland,  Recent  Developments 
in  Compounded  Alternators  with  Direct  Excitation  from 
Alternating  Currents;  W.  M.  Mordey  (title  to  be  an- 
nounced) ;  M.  A.  Nodon,  Rectifiers;  Sir  W.  Preece, 
Electricity  in  Ancient  Egypt ;  Prof.  C.  A.  Adams,  The 
Leakage  Reactance  of  Induction  Motors ;  Mr.  C.  Day, 
Electric  Motors  in  Shop  Service ;  ]\Ir.  H.  W.  Fisher, 
Sparking  Distances  Corresponding  to  Different  Voltages ; 
Prof.  H.  J.  Ryan.  The  Design  of  Insulators;,  Mr.  D.  B. 
Rushmore,  The  Regulation  of  Alternators ;  Prof.  E.  B. 
Rosa.  The  Influence  of  Wave  Shape  upon  Alternating- 
Current  Meter  Indications;  Dr.  Clayton  H.  Sharp,  The 
Equipment  of  a  Commercial  Testing  Laboratory;  Prof. 
H.  B.  Smith,  Very  High  Voltage  Transformers. 

Section  C. — Electrochemistry:  Prof.  Dr.  S.  Arrhe- 
nius,  Methods  of  Determining  the  Degree  of  Dissocia- 
tion ;  Geh.  Reg.  Prof.  Dr.  W.  Borchers,  Electrometal- 
lurgy of  Nickel;  Sherard  O.  Cowper-Coles,  Electrolytic 
Methods  for  the  Rapid  Production  of  Copper  Sheets  and 
Tubes;  Dr.  F.  Dolezalck  (subject  to  be  announced)  ;  J. 
Sigfried  Edstrum,  Electrical  Extraction  of  Nitrogen  from 


?o  The   St.    L  o  u  is 

the  Air;  Dr.  H.  Goldschmidt,  Alumino-Thermics ;  Prof. 
Dr.  F.  Haber,  Electrolytic  Disturbances  in  the  Earth  ;  Dr. 
P.  L.  T.  Herouh,  Electrometalkirgy  of  Iron  and  Steel ; 
Prof.  Dr.  Richard  Lorenz,  Electrolysis  of  Fused  Salts; 
Prof.  Dr.  W.  Ostwald,  Catalysis  in  Electrolysis;  Mr.  J. 
Swinburne,  Chlorine  Smelting:  Prof.  W.  D.  Bancroft, 
The  Chemistry  of  Electroplating  (A.  E.-C.  S.  paper)  ; 
Mr.  A.  G.  Betts  and  Dr.  Edward  F.  Kern,  The  Lead 
Voltameter;  Prof.  H.  S.  Carhart  and  Dr.  C.  A.  Hulett, 
The  Preparation  of  Materials  for  Standard  Cells  and 
their  Construction  (A.  E.-C.  S.  paper)  ;  Thomas  A.  Edi- 
son, Alkaline  Batteries  (by  deputy)  ;  Dr.  K.  E.  Guthe, 
The  Silver  Voltameter;  Mr.  Carl  Hering,  The  Units  Em- 
ployed in  Electrochemistry ;  Prof.  L.  Kahlenberg,  The 
Electrochemical  Series  of  the  Metals  (A.  E.-C.  S.  pa- 
per) ;  Prof.  J.  W.  Richards,  The  Energy  Absorbed  in 
Electrolysis ;  Prof.  T.  W.  Richards,  The  Relation  of  the 
Theory  of  Compressible  Atoms  to  Electrochemistry. 

Section  D. — Electric  Pozcer  Traiisinissioii :  Sig.  E. 
Bignami,  Electrical  Transmission  Plants  in  Switzerland; 
H.  M.  Hobart,  A  Method  of  Designing  Induction  Mo- 
tors ;  Mons.  Maurice  Leblanc,  Transmission  of  Alternat- 
ing Currents  over  Lines  Possessing  Capacity ;  Prof.  G. 
^lengarini.  Utilization  of  Hydraulic  Powers  in  Italy; 
Prof.  F.  G.  Baum,  High-Potential  Long-Distance  Trans- 
mission and  Control ;  F.  O.  Blackwell,  The  Tower-Sys- 
tem of  Line  Construction ;  H.  W.  Buck,  The  Use  of 
Aluminum  as  an  Electrical  Conductor;  V.  G.  Converse, 
High-Tension  Insulators ;  M.  H.  Gerry,  Jr.,  The  Con- 
.struction  and  Insulation  of  High  Tension  Transmission 
Lines;  J.  F.  Kelly  and  A.  C.  Bunker,  Some  Difficulties  of 
High  Tension  Transmission  and  Methods  of  ^^litigating 
Them;  L.  M.  Hancock.  The  Bay-Counties  Transmission 
System ;  R.  L.  Hayward,  Some  Practical  Experiences  in 
the  Operation  of  Many  Power  Houses  in  Parallel ;  P.  M. 
Lincoln,  Transmission  and  Distribution  Problems  Pecul- 
iar to  the  Single-Phase  Railway  System ;  Ralph  D.  ^^ler- 
shon,  The  Maximum  Distance  to  which  Power  can  be 
Economically  Transmitted  (A.  I.  E.  E.  paper)  ;  P.  N. 
Nunn,  Pioneer  Work  of  the  Telluride  Power  Company; 


/:  I  c  c  f  r  i  c  a  I    II  a  n  d  h  o  o  h  5/ 

J.  S.  Peck.  The  High  Tension  Transformer  in  Long-Dis- 
tance  Power  Transmission ;  Dr.  F.  A.  C.  Perrine,  Amer- 
ican Practice  in  High  Tension  Line  Construction  and 
Operation  (X.  E.  L.  A.  paper)  ;  Dr.  C.  P.  Steinmetz, 
Theory  of  the  Single-Phase  ]\Iotors  (A.  I.  E.  E.  paper). 

Section  E. — Electric  Light  and  Distribution:  Prof. 
Andre  Blondel,  Impregnated  Arc-Light  Carbons  and 
Lamps ;  Herr  Max  Deri,  Single-Phase  ^Motors ;  Herr  E. 
de  Fodor,  Rates  for  Electricity  Supply ;  Sig.  Ing.  E.  Jona, 
Insulating  Materials  in  High-Tension  Cables  (A.  E.  I. 
paper)  ;  Prof.  W.  Kubier,  Upon  a  Means  for  Compensat- 
ing the  Series-Connection  of  Induction  Motors;  Prof.  L. 
Lombardi.  Stroboscopic  Observations  of  the  Arc  (A.  E. 
I.  paper)  ;  H.  F.  Parshall,  The  Yorkshire  and  Lancashire 
Electric  Power  Companies;  Prof.  Auguste  Rateau, 
Steam  Turbines ;  Herr  Karl  Roderbourg,  The  Prussian 
System  of  Electric  Train  Lighting;  Sig.  Ing  Guido  Se- 
nienza.  Commercial  Limits  of  Electric  Transmission  with 
Special  Reference  to  Lighting  Service ;  Dr.  G.  Stern,  The 
Applicability  of  the  Alternating  Current  for  Distribution 
in  Large  Cities;  Prof.  S.  P.  Thompson  (subject  to  be 
announced)  ;  Dr.  W.  Wedding.  ^leasurements  of  the 
Energy  of  Light  and  Heat  Radiation  from  Electric  Light 
Sources ;  Arthur  Wright.  Recent  Improvements  in  Elec- 
trolytic Meters ;  B.  A.  Behrend.  The  Testing  of  Alter- 
nating-Current Generators ;  Alexander  Dow,  The  Con- 
tinuous-Current Distributing  Systems  of  American  Cit- 
ies ;  George  Eastman.  Protection  and  Control  pf  Large 
High-Tension  Distribution  Systems  (N.  E.  L.  A.  paper)  ; 
W.  C.  L.  Eglin.  Rotary  Converters  and  Motor  Generators 
in  Connection  with  the  Transformation  of  High-Tension 
A.  C.  to  Low-Tension  Street  Current  (Assn.  Ed.  Illg. 
Co.'s  paper)  ;  W.  L.  R.  Emmet,  The  Effect  of  Steam 
Turbines  on  Central  Station  Practice ;  Louis  A.  Fergu- 
son, Underground  Electrical  Construction  (Assn.  Ed. 
Illg.  Co.'s  paper)  ;  Gerhardt  Goettling,  Storage  Batteries 
(Assn.  Ed.  Illg.  Co.'s  paper)  ;  G.  Ross  Green.  American 
Meter  Practice  (N.  E.  L.  A.  paper)  :  Caryl  D.  Haskins. 
Metering  Efficiency  on  Customers'  Premises ;  Henry  N. 
Potter.  Xernst   Lani])s ;   Dr.   C.   P.   Steinmetz.   Luminous 


^2  The   St.    Louis 

Electric  Arcs ;  Philip  Torchio,  Distributing  Systems  from 
the  Standpoint  of  Theory  and  Practice ;  Herbert  A.  Wag- 
ner, Electric  Transmission  and  Distribution  for  Subur- 
ban Towns  from  a  General  Power  Station. 

Section  F. — Electric  Transportation:  Ernst  Daniel- 
son,  Theory  of  the  Compensated  Repulsion  Motor;  Philip 
Dawson,  Electrification  of  British  Railways ;  Herr  F.  J. 
Eichberg,  Single-Phase  Electric  Railways ;  Prof.  Dr.  F. 
Niethammer,  Alternating  vs.  Direct  Current  Traction; 
Prof.  Dr.  Rasch,  The  Buffer  Machine  in  Railway  Service 
and  Its  ]\Iost  Suitable  Control ;  A.  H.  Armstrong,  The 
Electrification  of  Steam  Lines ;  B.  J.  Arnold,  Electric 
Railways ;  Louis  Duncan,  General  Review  of  Railway 
Work ;  J.  B.  Entz,  The  Storage  Battery  in  Electric  Rail- 
way Service  ;  R.  A.  Parke,  Braking  High-Speed  Trains ; 
W.  B.  Potter.  Electric  Railways ;  F.  J.  Sprague,  The 
History  and  Development  of  the  Electric  Railway;  L.  B. 
Stillwell,  Notes  on  the  Electrical  Equipment  of  the  Wil- 
kesbarre  &  Hazleton  Ry.  Co. ;  H.  G.  Stott,  Central  Sta- 
tion Economics  and  Operation;  W.  J.  Wilgus,  Equipping 
the  Central  Terminal. 

Section  G. — Electric  Communication:  Senor  Don 
Julio  Cevera  Baviera,  Electric  Communications  in  Spain; 
Dr.  J.  A.  Fleming,  F.  R.  S.,  The  Present  State  of  Wire- 
less Telegraphy ;  John  Hesketh,  A  New  Danger  to  Lead- 
Covered  Aerial  Telephone  Cables ;  Herr  Joseph  Hollos, 
Simultaneous  Telegraphy  and  Telephony;  Saitaro  Oi, 
Telegraphy  and  Telephony  in  Japan  ;  V.  Poulsen,  System 
for  Producing  Continuous  Electrical  Oscillations ;  M.  G. 
de  la  Touanne,  Theory  of  Telephone  Exchange  Develop- 
ment ;  J.  C.  Barclay,  Printing  Telegraph  Systems ;  Dr. 
Lee  De  Forest,  Wireless  Telegraph  Receivers ;  Patrick 
B.  Delany,  Rapid  Telegraphy;  Franz  J.  Dommerque,  The 
Telephone  Problem  in  Large  Cities ;  Reginald  A.  Fessen- 
den.  Wireless  Telegraphy ;  Hammond  V.  Hayes,  Loaded 
Telephone  Lines  in  Practice;  J.  C.  Kelsey,  Features  of 
the  Dunbar  Two-Strand  Common-Battery  Systems ;  Dr. 
A.  E.  Kennelly,  High-Frequency  Telephone-Circuit 
Tests  ;  Kempster  B.  Miller,  Problem :  Automatic  vs.  Man- 
ual Telephone  Exchange;  Dr.  Louis  M-  Potts,  Printing 


Electrical    Handbook  ?j 

Telegraphy;  Col.  Samuel  Rcber,  Military  Use  of  the 
Telephone,  Telegraph  and  Cable ;  Prof.  George  F.  Sever, 
Electrolysis  of  Underground  Conductors ;  L.  W.  Stanton, 
Economical  Features  in  Modern  Telephone  Engineering; 
John  Stone  Stone,  The  Theory  of  Wireless  Telegraphy. 

Section  H. — Electrotherapeutics:  Prof.  M.  Benedikt, 
A  Contribution  to  the  Radiodiagnostics  of  Diseases  of 
the  Head  and  of  the  Brain;  Dr.  J.  Bergonie  (subject  to 
be  announced)  ;  M.  le  Docteur  G.  O'Farrill,  Some  Im- 
provements in  Generator  Apparatus  of  High-Frequency 
Currents;  Prof.  S.  Schatzky,  The  Ionic  Theory  as  Bio- 
logical Basis  for  the  Therapeutic  Action  of  Electricity; 
Prof.  S.  Schatzk}-,  Experimental  Researches  on  the 
Treatment  of  Tuberculosis  by  Constant  Current ;  Dr.  J. 
Riviere,  Physico-Therapy  of  Neurasthenia;  Dr.  Carl 
Beck,  Recent  Advances  in  Roentgen-Ray  Science;  Dr.  G. 
G.  Burdick,  Radiations  in  Therapeutics ;  Dr.  Margaret 
A.  Cleaves,  The  Nature  of  the  Changes  Established  in 
Living  Tissue  by  the  Action  of  Oxidizable  Metals  at  the 
Anode ;  Dr.  Charles  R.  Dickson,  Some  Observations 
Upon  the  Treatment  of  Lupus  Vulgaris  by  Phototherapy, 
Radiotherapy,  and  otherwise  (A.  E.  T.  A.  paper)  ;  Dr. 
Emil  H.  Grubbe,  X-Rays  and  Radio-Active  Substances 
as  Therapeutic  Agents ;  Dr.  T.  Proctor  Hall,  The  Prin- 
ciples of  Electrotherapeutics  ;  Dr.  J.  H.  Kellogg,  Electro- 
therapeutics;  Prof.  Jacques  Loeb,  The  Control  of  Life 
Phenomena  Ijj'  Electrolytes ;  Dr.  John  Williams  Langley, 
The  Purification  of  Water  for  Drinking  by  Electricity ; 
Dr.  G.  Betton  Massey,  The  Cataphoric  Diffusion  of  Me- 
tallic Ions  in  the  Destructive  Sterilization  of  Cancer  and 
Tuberculous  Deposits ;  Dr.  W.  J.  Morton,  Artificial  Fluor- 
escence of  the  Human  Organism  as  a  ]\Ieans  of  Treat- 
ing Disease;  Dr.  C.  S.  Neiswangcr,  Static  Electricity  in 
Chronic  Nephritis;  Dr.  Clarence  E.  Skinner,  A  Large 
Fibro-Sarcoma  Treated  by  X-Radiance;  Dr.  William 
Benham  Snow,  Static  Electricity  in   Therapeutics. 

On  Tuesday  the  section  meetings  will  begin  at  g  a.  m., 
and  this  also  will  be  the  rule  for  Thursday  and  Friday. 
On  Wednesday  at  lO  a.  m.  the  annual  convention  of  the 
American  Institute  of  Electrical  Engineers  will  be  form- 


34 


The   St.    Louis 


alh-  open  at  Festival  Hall  on  the  grounds  of  the  Loui- 
siana Purchase  Exposition. 

Festival  Hall 

Festival  Hall,  where  this  convention  will  be  held,  is 
the  great  central  figure  piece  of  the  Louisiana  Purchase 
Exposition.  It  has  a  dome  nearly  as  large  as  that  of  St. 
Peter's  at  Rome.     It  is  ornate  in  treatment  but  chaste  in 


The  Brazilian  Pavilion 

spirit.  Its  height  is  emphasized  by  the  terrace  imme- 
diately in  its  front  and  by  the  wide  basin  at  the  foot  of 
the  slope.  It  is  on  the  main  axis  of  the  grand  court  and 
faces  toward  the  principal  entrance  to  the  grounds.  A 
monumental  archway,  65  feet  high,  richly  decorated, 
forms  the  main  entrance  to  the  hall.  Over  the  archway 
is  a  sculptured  group  typifying  "The  Triumph  of  Music 
and  Art,'"  by  Philip  .Martiny.  "Music"'  and  "Dance"  are 
allegorically  represented  in  groups  flanking  the  entrance. 
All  the  decorative  details  of  the  building  are  suggestive 
of  music  and  the  drama.     Lyres,  harps,  Greek  masks  and 


Electrical    Handbook  j 5 

the  names  of  composers  of  music  are  used  both  for  orna- 
mental effect  and  to  express  the  festive  ideas  associated 
with  the  structure.  The  main  entrance  is  flanked  on  the 
sides  by  colonnaded  walls.  The  drum  of  the  dome  is 
treated  with  a  series  of  circular  openings  decorated  archi- 
tecturally in  the  same  spirit  as  the  rest  of  the  building. 
This  may  be  said  as  to  the  panels  into  which  the  bell  of 
the  dome  is  subdivided.  This  dome  is  140  ft.  in  diam- 
eter. That  of  St.  Peter's  at  Rome  is  144  ft.  It  is  400  ft. 
from  the  ground  to  the  highest  point  of  St.  Peter's  dome, 
while  it  is  250  ft.  from  the  level  of  the  grand  court  to  the 
top  of  the  dome  of  Festival  Hall.  The  diameter  of  the 
building  at  its  base  is  192  ft.  exclusive  of  the  balustraded 
terrace  upon  which  it  stands.  The  structure  as  a  whole 
covers  more  than  two  acres. 

The  auditorium  is  intended  for  the  accommodation  of 
about  4,000  persons.  It  is  arranged  on  the  interior  like 
a  theatre  and  finished  like  a  permanent  building.  Its 
many  windows  permit  excellent  lighting  by  day,  and  at 
night  the  electric  illumination  both  without  and  within  is 
a  triumph  of  the  electrician's  skill.  The  architect  of  the 
Hall  of  Festivals  was  Cass  Gilbert  of  New  York  and  St. 
Paul.  The  design  of  the  interior  was  prepared  by  Air. 
Masqueray. 

The  plan  of  the  central  portion  of  the  Exposition 
grounds  suggests  the  lines  of  a  fan.  The  great  exhibit 
palaces  are  on  avenues  which  radiate  from  a  common 
centre,  and  at  this  focal  point,  on  the  summit  of  a  domi- 
nating hill,  stands  the  Hall  of  Festivals,  in  the  centre  of 
a  long,  swinging  colonnade,  called  the  Colonnade  of 
States.  This  curved  colonnade  terminates  at  either  end 
in  circular  restaurant  pavilions  each  140  ft.  high,  sur- 
mounted by  domes  and  somewhat  corresponding  in  ar- 
chitectural treatment  to  Festival  Hall.  The  colonnade, 
which  is  52  ft.  high  and  over  a  quarter  of  a  mile  in  length, 
extends  in  semicircular  form  along  the  brow  of  a  hill. 
crowning  the  crest  of  a  natural  amphitheatre  70  ft.  high. 
In  the  rear  of  the  colonnade  and  Festival  Hall  and  par- 
tially screened  by  them,  though  on  a  higher  level,  is  the 
Art  Palace. 


36 


The    St.    Louis 


The  face  of  the  hillside  is  a  lawn.  Descending  from 
the  front  of  Festival  Hall  and  the  restaurant  pavilions 
there  are  three  cascades.  The  water  which  gushes  forth 
from  the  central  fountain  spreads  into  a  stream  50  ft. 
wide  as  it  pours  over  the  first  fall  of  25  ft.  It  widens  out 
still  more  as  one  fall  succeeds  another  until  it  is  a  stream 
152  ft.  wide  when  the  Cascades  reach  the  basin  at  the 
foot  of  the  slope. 

The  total  fall  is  95  ft.  and  the  length  of  the  central 


The  Chinese  Building 

cascade  is  about  300  ft.  All  three  cascades  fall  into  a 
cascade  basin  300  ft.  wide  which  reflects  the  picture  above 
it  and  at  night  aids  in  enhancing  the  beauty  of  the  electric 
illumination.  Nearly  90,000  gallons  of  water  per  minute 
are  discharged  into  this  basin  from  the  three  cascades 
when  they  are  in  full  operation.  The  slope  between  the 
cascades  and  in  front  of  Festival  Hall  and  the  Colonnade 
of  States  is  made  into  a  formal  garden,  adorned  with 
flowers  and  shrubs.  The  design  of  the  Cascades  and 
Colonnade  of  States  and  the  restaurant  pavilions,  with 
the  approaches  and  surrounding  gardens,  is  the  work  of 


Electrical    Handbook  57 

Emmanuel  L.  Masqueray,  Chief  of  Design  of  the  Expo- 
sition. 

The  entire  composition  made  up  of  the  Cascade  Gar- 
dens, Festival  Hall  and  the  Colonnade  of  States  has  a 
historic  as  well  as  an  allegorical  significance  and  is  in- 
tended to  express  the  jubilation  of  a  great  nation  over 
the  fact  that  the  sway  of  liberty  was  extended  by  the 
Louisiana  Purchase  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific. 
This  idea  is  especially  conveyed  in  the  sculptural  decora- 
tions, which  in  a  poetical  manner  portray  the  various 
phases  of  the  central  theme. 

From  a  distance  the  Fountain  of  Liberty,  which  stands 
at  the  head  of  the  central  cascades,  seems  almost  to  form 
a  part  of  the  archway  by  which  entrance  is  afforded  to 
Festival  Hall.  Mr.  Herman  A.  ]\lcXeil,  who  modeled  the 
statuary  for  these  gardens,  has  succeeded  in  typifj'ing 
in  sculptural  form  the  idea  associated  with  such  senti- 
ments as  Liberty,  Patriotism,  Freedom,  Truth,  Justice, 
and  Family. 

The  doorway  of  Festival  Hall  bears  like  a  keystone 
a  composition  by  Charles  J.  Pike  which  suggests  gaiety 
and  is  composed  of  two  flying  figures  supporting  a  lyre. 
The  groups  entitled  Music  and  Dance,  on  either  side  of 
the  entrance  to  the  Hall  of  Festivals,  present  an  inter- 
esting contrast.  Augustus  Lukeman  is  the  author  of 
Music.  The  group  consists  of  five  figures.  In  the  upper 
part  of  the  composition  is  a  figure  of  Orpheus  playing 
the  lyre.  Orpheus  appears  to  be  accompanying  on  his 
lyre  the  voice  of  a  beautiful  woman  who  forms  the  fore- 
most figure  in  the  group  and  who  represents  vocal  music 
or  opera.  To  her  left  is  a  female  figure  playing  a  Re- 
naissance 'cello  as  an  accompaniment  to  the  voice.  On 
her  right  is  a  group  of  two  figures.  Pan  playing  the  pipes 
and  a  Bacchante  playing  a  timbrel  and  leading  a  panther. 
Opposite  the  group  by  Lukeman  stands  the  compan- 
ion group  by  Michel  Tonetti,  entitled  Dance,  which  pre- 
sents an  admirable  foil  to  the  work  of  his  fellow  sculptor. 
This  group  is  full  of  life  and  movement  and  the  figures 
seem  possessed  by  the  fire  of  a  joj^ous,  unconstrained 
spirit.     .\  figure  in  the  upper  part  of  the  group  seems 


3S 


T  Ji  c   St.    Louis 


Joseph  Henry 
Palace  of  Electricity 


Electrical    II  a  n  d  book  59 

urging  on  the  dancers  and  encouraging  them  to  enjoy 
life  while  it  lasts.  The  various  forms  of  the  dance  and 
its  national  characteristics  are  represented  by  the  differ- 
ent figures.  A  faun  dancing  with  a  nymph,  both  being 
strong-limbed  and  unconventional,  present  a  contrast  to 
two  other  figures,  a  delicately  proportioned  girl  and  a 
strong  but  finely  cut  man,  portraying  a  more  modern 
type  of  dance.  A  girl  in  the  centre  of  the  group  typifies 
the  grace  of  the  dance. 

The  Colonnade  of  States,  which  closes  the  background 
of  this  picture,  is  an  effective  portion  of  the  composition 
and  affords  opportunity  for  the  use  of  statuary  typifying 
the  twelve  States  and  two  territories  formed  from  the 
original  Louisiana  Purchase.  Square  pylons  alternate 
with  the  columns  and  the  effect  suggests  somewhat  the 
majestic  approach  of  St.  Peter's  at  Rome.  It  may  remind 
some  of  the  beautiful  Peristyle  at  Chicago,  while  the 
Cascade  gardens  with  their  sculpture  may  awaken  a  rec- 
ollection of  some  famous  European  gardens.  It  is  said 
that  the  cascades  at  St.  Cloud  furnished  the  designer  with 
some  suggestions. 

The  electrical  illumination  of  the  gardens.  Cascades. 
Colonnades,  Festival  Hall,  the  Cascade  P)asin  and  the 
I'"ountain  increase  the  fairylike  aspect  of  the  scene  at 
night. 

Around  the  central  cascades,  stairways  descend  on 
both  sides  and  swing  away  in  opposite  directions  until 
the  level  of  the  basin  below  is  reached.  Flanking  the 
waterways  and  between  them  and  the  stairways  run  a 
series  of  groups  of  sculiiture  which  serve  both  to  illus- 
trate the  theme  and  enhance  the  decorative  effect  of  the 
composition.  The  Fountain  of  Liberty,  with  its  goddess 
holding  aloft  a  symbolic  torch  and  its  figures  of  Truth 
and  Justice,  commands  the  scene  from  its  lofty  altitude. 
From  beneath  springs  the  arch  upon  which  the  figures 
rest  which  have  for  their  ideals  liberty.  Truth  and  Jus- 
tice. From  the  springing  of  the  arch  come  forth  men  of 
heroic  proportions  riding  fish  horses  and  on  either  side 
heralds  proclaim  the  advent  of  the  goddess.  .\t  the  base 
of  the  arch  and  flanking  the  ramp  which  swings  from  its 


40 


T  Ji  c   St.    L  0  u  i  s 


Benjamin  Franklin 
Palace  of  Electricity 


Electrical    H  a  n  d  h  o  o  h  41 

sides  are  groups  representing  Patriotism  and  The  Fam- 
ily, these  being  at  the  foundation  of  the  Anglo-Saxon 
idea  of  liberty.  Next  beyond  these  groups,  as  one  de- 
scends to  the  Grand  Basin,  come  two  others,  one  repre- 
senting the  idea  of  Freedom  and  Physical  Libert}-  and 
the  other  Liberty  as  it  exists  under  the  restraining  insti- 
tutions of  civilization.  A  series  of  six  groups  of  chil- 
dren riding  fishes  add  to  the  picturesque  character  of  the 
composition. 

The  side  cascades,  wJiose  sculptural  figures  and 
grt)ups  are  by  Mr.  Isadore  Konti,  are  equal  in  impor- 
tance to  the  central  cascades.  Mr.  Konti's  work  for  this 
part  of  the  Exposition  is  characteristicallj'  decorative, 
imaginative  and  graceful. 

The  side  cascades  are  over  400  ft.  in  length  and  the 
architect's  plan  provided  for  fifteen  groups  of  sculpture 
for  each  side.  At  the  head  of  each  cascade  and  in  front 
of  the  ornate  pavilions  which  terminate  the  Colonnade 
of  States  are  fountains  and  the  groups  surmounting  these 
the  sculptor  calls  respectively  the  Spirit  of  the  Atlantic 
and  the  Spirit  of  the  Pacific.  The  fountain  for  the  oppo- 
site side  is  surmounted  by  a  flying  female  figure  with  an 
albatross,  typifying  the  Spirit  of  the  Pacific. 


ST.  LOUIS  EXPOSITION 


St.  Loin's  Exposition 

HISTORICAL 

THE  Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition  is  the  third 
great  international  exhibition  held  in  the  L^nited 
States,  each  illustrating  a  sentiment.  Philadel- 
phia in  1876  celebrated  the  centennial  of  the 
Declaration  of  Independence ;  Chicago  in  1893  commem- 
orated the  four  hundredth  anniversary  of  the  discovery 
of  America  by  Columbus ;  while  the  third  recognizes  the 
centenary  of  the  acquisition,  in  1803-1804,  of  the  great 
territory  then  known  as  Louisiana.  Out  of  this  territory 
there  have  been  formed  twelve  States  and  two  Terri- 
tories,— the  State  of  Louisiana,  which  bears  the  original 
name,  and  the  eleven  additional  States  of  Arkansas,  Col- 
orado, Iowa,  Kansas,  Minnesota,  Missouri,  r^Iontana,  Ne- 
braska, North  Dakota,  South  Dakota,  and  Wyoming, 
Indian  Territory  and  Oklahoma. 

The  annexation  of  Louisiana  has  been  declared  to  be- 
an event  in  national  history  ranking  in  importance  next 
to  the  signing  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence  and 
the  adoption  of  the  Constitution,  for  it  not  only  removed 
a  constantly  recurring  cause  for  petty  disputes  between 
the  United  States  and  several  European  nations,  but 
also  cleared  the  way  by  which  the  LTnion  was  to  take  its 
course  westward  to  the  Pacific. 

The  historical  events  which  lirought  alxnit  the  acqui- 
sition of  this  territory  are  interesting.  Previous  to  the 
Purchase,  the  settlers  in  Kentucky,  Tennessee,  and  on 
the  upper  Ohio  were  in  more  or  less  constant  friction 
with  the  Spanish  settlements  and  hostile  Indians  along 
the  western  border ;  on  several  occasions  open  warfare 
was  avoided  only  by  the  diplomacy  of  President  Wash- 
ington and  President  Adams.  In  1801  the  Western  peo- 
ple  were   intensely   excited   by    rumors   that    Spain   had 

45 


46 


The    St.    Louis 


secretly  ceded  Louisiana  to  France  and  that  Napoleon, 
then  First  Consul  of  the  French  Republic,  was  about  to 
take  military  possession  of  the  land.  President  Jefiferson 
appreciated  that  the  time  for  action  had  come,  and  at 
once  opened  negotiations  with  Napoleon  for  a  peaceful 
acquisition  of  the  Louisiana  tract.  These  negotiations 
were  consummated  on  April  30.  1803,  by  a  treaty  with 
France,  by  which  the  United  States  acquired  over  875.000 
square  miles  of  territory  lying  west  of  the  Mississippi  for 


X--  --^ 


the  sum  of  $15,000,000.  It  is  interesting  to  remember 
that  this  sum  is  scarcely  one-third  the  amount  that  has 
been  spent  on  the  buildings  and  grounds  of  the  Exposi- 
tion that  has  been  built  to  commemorate  the  centennial  of 
the  treaty. 

The  popular  demand  for  a  celebration  of  the  centen- 
nial was  first  formulated  at  a  meeting  of  the  Missouri 
Historical  Society  in  September,  1898,  at  which  a  ways 
and  means  committee  consisting  of  fifty  citizens- was  ap- 
pointed. In  December,  1898,  the  Governor  of  Missouri 
invited  the  Governors  of  all  the  Louisiana  Purchase 
States  to  send  delegates  to  a  convention,  which  finally 


Electrical    H  a  n  d  b  o  o  k  4/ 

met  in  St.  Louis  in  January,  1899.  The  movement  met 
with  hearty  response  from  all  of  the  States  directly  inter- 
ested. St.  Louis,  as  the  chief  city  of  the  Louisiana  Pur- 
chase States,  was  asked  to  take  the  lead  in  making  plans 
for  a  world's  exposition  that  would  eclipse  any  other 
similar  enterprise.  More  than  $4,000,000  in  private  sub- 
scriptions was  immediate!}'  raised,  the  city  of  St.  Louis 
voted  a  municipal  subscription  of  $5,000,000,  and  the 
State  of  ]\Iissouri  appropriated  $1,000,000  for  this  pur- 
pose. 

In  June,  1900,  Congress  voted  to  provide  $5,000,000  on 
condition  that  the  city  of  St.  Louis  would  raise  $10,000,- 
000.  On  March  3,  1901,  it  having  been  represented  in  the 
Senate  that  St.  Louis  had  fulfilled  this  condition,  an  act 
of  Congress  appropriated  $5,000,000  to  the  Louisiana 
Purchase  Exposition;  this  act  was  sent  to  President  Mc- 
Kinlej'  for  approval  and  became  a  law. 

The  initial  fund  of  $15,000,000  for  tho  exhibit  build- 
ings and  grounds  represents  the  amount  given  lOi  years 
ago  for  the  Louisiana  territory ;  at  this  rate  the  cost  of 
the  territory  was  somewhat  less  than  $15  per  square  mile. 
Congress  also  appropriated  about  $3,000,000  for  exhibits, 
and  still  more  recently  advanced,  as  a  loan.  $4,600,000,  to 
complete  the  work.  The  diflferent  States  have  appro- 
priated about  $7,000,000  for  the  State  exhibits  (Missouri 
appropriating  $1,000,000),  and  foreign  governments  more 
than  $5,000,000.  The  Pike  and  its  accessories  represent 
an  investment  of  $5,000,000,  while  exhibitors  have  ex- 
pended from  $1  to  $5  per  square  foot  on  the  128  alcres  of 
exhibits. 

About  as  much  time  intervened  for  the  spending  of 
this  amount  as  had  been  consumed  in  raising  it.  A  vast 
amount  of  exploitation  work  had  to  be  done, — obtaining 
liberal  participation  by  home  and  foreign  governments, 
securing  the  most  attractive  and  representative  exhibits 
from  all  countries,  in  many  instances  requiring  favorable 
action  by  slow-moving  legislatures  and  ministerial  bodies. 
The  work  was  pushed  forward  with  vigor  and  appro- 
priate grounds,  buildings,  and  other  equipment  were  pro- 
vided.    This  work  was  done  so  efficientlv  that  President 


48 


The   St.    L  0  ti  i  s 


^^,, 


Electrical    Hand  b  o  o  k  49 

Francis,  the  executive  officer  of  the  Exposition,  com- 
mended it  in  pubhc.     He  said : — 

"This  universal  Exposition  is  more  than  an  exhibition 
of  products,  or  even  of  processes ;  it  is  more  than  a  con- 
gregation of  the  grades  of  civiHzation,  as  represented  by 
all  races  from  the  primitive  to  the  cultured;  it  is  even 
more  than  a  symposium  of  the  thought  of  the  thrones,  of 
the  student  and  the  moralist.  It  is  all  of  these  com- 
bined, and  the  toute  ensemble  forms  a  distinct  entity 
whose  impress  on  the  present  and  influence  on  the  future 
are  deep  and  lasting.  It  will  have  a  place  in  history 
more  conspicuous  than  its  projectors  ever  conceived. 
I'^or  more  than  a  generation  to  come  it  will  be  a  marker 
in  the  accomplishments  and  progress  of  man.  So  thor- 
oughl}^  does  it  represent  the  world's  civilization  that  if 
all  man's  other  works  were  by  some  unspeakable  catas- 
trophe blotted  out,  the  records  here  established  by  the 
assembled  nations  would  afford  all  necessary  standards 
for  the  rebuilding  of  our  entire  civilization." 

"By  bringing  together  sections  and  peoples  hitherto 
remote  and  unacquainted,  and  thereby  promoting  mutual 
respect,  it  is  a  distinct  step  toward  establishing  that  uni- 
versal peace  for  which  all  right-minded  people  arc  striv- 
ing." 

The  following  comparison  clearly  brings  out  the  enor- 
mous growth  of  the  Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition  over 
previous  noteworthy  expositions  : — 


Illumi- 

.Area 

nation 

, 

Size 

under  roof 

Kk'Ctric 

.\cres 

.\cres 

Lights 

Cost 

St.  Louis,  1904.  .  . 

T,263 

300 

210,000 

$50,000,000 

Chicago,  1893.  .  .  . 

633 

194 

102,000 

28,000,000 

Paris,  I  goo 

336 

117 

76.7-'0 

22,000,000 

i^>ufFalo,  igoi 

300 

15 

6,000,000 

Philadelphia.  1876 

236 

62 

^0  T  h  c   St.    L  o  11  i  s 

THE  GROUNDS 

1"he  site  of  the  World's  Fair  is  in  the  western  part  of 
the  city,  aliout  five  miles  west  of  the  Mississippi  River, 
and  contains,  in  a  solid  tract,  1,263.49  acres,  that  is  ap- 
proximately two  miles  east  and  west  by  one  and  one- 
fourth  miles  north  and  south.  Of  this.  657  acres  con- 
sists of  the  western  portion  of  Forest  Park  ( the  largest 
of  the  city  parks),  545  acres  west  of  the  park  is  leased 
from  Washington  University  and  other  estates,  and  61 
acres  north  of  the  Park  is  leased  for  "The  Pike."  When 
work  was  begun  in  December,  igoi,  this  tract  mainly 
consisted  of  heavy  rolling,  forest-covered  land,  through 
which  meandered  a  sluggish,  treacherous  river  known  as 
the  Des  Peres.  There  was  from  75  to  125  feet  variation 
between  the  hills  and  sharp  dales,  while  an  artificial  lake 
occupied  the  sites  of  the  ^Mining,  Liberal  Arts,  and  Man- 
ufactures Buildings.  To  lower  the  hills  and  grade  up 
the  valleys  has  required  the  moving  of  2,000,000  cubic 
yards  of  earth.  The  lake  has  been  piled  over  and  the 
meandering  River  Des  Peres  has  been  confined  within  a 
box  flume  45  feet  wide  by  15  feet  deep,  over  which  is  the 
central  promenade  of  the  Exposition.  While  much  of 
the  old  virgin  oak  forest  has  had  to  be  sacrificed,  quite 
large  maples  and  elms  have  taken  their  place,  as  the 
result  of  a  new  system  of  tree  transplanting.  Lagoons 
114  miles  long  with  3^  to  5  feet  depth  of  water  encircle 
the  Electricity  and  Education  Buildings  and  afford  ac 
cess  by  gondola  and  electric  launches  to  the  nine  main 
Iniildings  that  form  the  principal  feature  of  the  Exposi- 
tion. These  lagoons  have  an  area  of  750,000  square  feet 
and  contain  20,000,000  gallons  of  water. 

In  order  to  avoid  placing  the  main  exhibit  buildings 
over  the  river  channel,  which  pursued  a  tortuous  route 
through  the  site,  a  new  channel  was  excavated  and  lined 
with  timber.  This  channel  was  made  to  traverse  the 
main  streets  between  the  buildings  and  shortened  the 
stream  from  8,800  feet  to  a  more  direct  route  of  4.650 
feet. 

In  addition  to  the  main  waterway  of  the  River  Des 


Electrical    Ha  ii  d  b  o  o  k 


5^ 


Peres,  which  is  about  one  mile  long,  twenty-five  miles 
of  storm  water  drains  have  been  constructed. 

Numerous  obstructions,  in  the  way  of  trestle  bridges, 
short  bends  in  the  channel,  etc.,  below  the  World's  Fair 
site  in  Forest  Park,  were  removed  in  order  to  provide 
sufficient  area  for  storm  water  and  to  prevent  overflow, 
such  as  occurred  in  previous  years. 


A  Trip  on  the  Lagoons 


All  Storm  water  drains,  including  roof  drains  from 
buildings,  discharge  into  the  main  channel  of  the  River 
Des  Peres,  except  downspouts  from  the  east  of  the  Alines 
Building  and  from  the  Education  and  Electricity  Build- 
ings, the  latter  two-being  situated  on  islands  surrounded 
by  lagoons. 

The  lagoons  are  provided  with  eight  feed  pipes  from 
water  mains  of  such  capacity  that  the  entire  lake  can  be 
filled  in  forty  hours. 

A  filter  plant  at  the  southwest  corner  of  the  Mining 
Building  is  designed  to  supply  the  loss  from  seepage  and 


52 


The   St.    Louis 


Electrical    Handbook 


53 


evaporation  and  will  be  operated  continuously  during  the 
life  of  the  Fair. 

Arrowhead  Lake,  some  2,000  feet  in  length  and  vary- 
ing in  width  from  100  feet  to  250  feet,  and  4  to  12  feet 
deep,  is  used  by  water  craft  of  the  Philippine  Village. 

The  Life  Saving  Lake,  situated  east  of  the  Ceylon 
Building,  is  used  by  the  United  States  Govermiient 
for  life-saving  exhibitions,  the  life-saving  station  being 
situated  at  the  east  end  of  the  lake.     This  lake  is  480  feet 


long,  varies  in  width  from  100  feet  to  150  feet,  and  has  a 
depth  of  water  of  from  4  feet  to  12  feet.  It  contains 
about  3,600,000  gallons  of  water. 

A  system  of  overHows  is  installed,  also  a  system  of 
end  drains,  so  that  the  entire  lake  can  be  drained  and 
refilled  with  fri-sh  water  as  often  as  required. 

Smaller  lakes  are  constinicted  in  the  Philippine  Res- 
ervation, east  of  the  Agriculture  Building  and  LTnited 
States  Government  Bird  Cage,  besides  a  number  of  small 
lakes  in  the  concessions  district. 

A  system  of  sanitary  sewers  has  been  constructed  to 
discharge  by  gravity  into  two  wells  in  the  eastern  end  of 


54 


The    St.    Louis 


I'M      ^T!t        ' 


E  1  c  c  t  r  i  c  a  I    H  a  n  d  h  o  o  k  ^j 

the  grounds,  near  the  Mines  Bnihling,  from  which  sew- 
age is  pumped  into  the  city  sew^er  mains,  a  distance  of 
3,650  feet,  through  a  cast  iron  main. 

Four  electrically-driven  centrifugal  pumps  of  18,000,- 
000  gallons  capacity  have  been  installed  for  this  service. 
Two  pumps  are  installed  in  each  well  and  connected  to 
mains  so  that  sewage  can  be  pumped  directly  from  the 
main  sewers  or  from  the  wells,  as  may  be  desired.  One 
or  both  wells  can  be  cleaned  while  all  four  pumps  are 
running. 

A  handsome  pavilion  is  erected  over  these  wells,  and 
a  room  above  the  pumps  is  used  as  a  motor  room. 

In  addition  to  the  cast  iron  main,  the  Exposition  has 
laid  62,000  feet  of  vitrified  pipe  mains  for  sanitary 
sewers.  This  does  not  include  pipe  installed  by  the 
various  States,  foreign  governments  and  concessions, 
which  are  required  to  install  their  own  systems  within 
their  grounds  and  connect  them  with  the  Exposition 
mains. 

A  garbage  crematory  has  been  erected  northwest  of 
the  Philippine  site,  where  combustible  debris  and  gar- 
bage are  taken  care  of,  the  moist  garbage  being  deposited 
in  cans  at  the  buildings  and  removed  at  night.  Com- 
bustible street  sweepings  are  also  taken  to  the  garbage 
plant,  being  cared  for  in  sacks  made  especially  for  this 
purpose. 

A  total  area  of  5,800,000  square  feet  has  been  paved. 
'I'his  is  covered  with  burnt  ballast,  gravel,  macadam,  as- 
phalt and  brick.  Of  this  about  500,000  square  feet  have 
been  covered  with  brick,  800,000  square  feet  with  asphalt 
and  the  remainder  with  macadam,  gravel  and  burnt 
ballast.  This  area  is  equal  to  about  55  miles  of  road  25 
feet  wide. 


56 


The   St.    Louis 


i''^'^  ^ 


% 


Electrical    Handbook  j/ 

INTERESTING  FACTS  ABOUT  THE 
lte<^TION 

f-".^*% .'  ■    ■    ■ '  '■'-Ij:.  -,, 

Opens  April  30th.     Closes  December  ist. 

Forty-four  states  participate. 

Fifty  foreign  countries  exhibit. 

Exposition  cost  $50,000,000. 

Wireless  telephone  station  in  operation. 

Speech  transmitted  via  electric  light  rays. 

Edison's  personal   exhibit  of  inventions. 

Complete  assemblage  of  the  world's  races. 

The  widest  boiler  plate  ever  rolled. 

A  practical  shoe  factory  in  operation. 

Mining  Gulch,  twelve  acres  in  extent. 

Queen  Victoria's  Jubilee  presents. 

Philippine  exhibit  cost  $1,000,000. 

Airship  tournament,  $200,000  in  prizes. 

Largest  organ,  140  stops,  10,000  pipes. 

Clock  dial  112  feet  across,  largest  on  earth. 

Native  Alaska  buildings,  real  totem  poles. 

Ainu  hunters  and  fishers,  Japan  aborigines. 

Stadium,  seating  capacity  27,000  persons. 

Revival  Olympic  games  of  ancient   Greece. 

Iron  statue  of  Vulcan  50  feet  high. 

Historical  exhibit  of  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad. 

Locomotive  tests  throughout  the  season. 

Liberty  Bell  in  Pennsylvania  Building. 

Ice  Plant,  300  tons  capacity  daily. 

Giant  Bird  Cage,  300  feet  long.  , 

Rose  Garden,  ten  acres  in  area. 

Full-sized  miKh-l   t".  S.  war^Iiip. 

Decorative  sculpture  cost  $500,000. 

Model  Indian  school,  one  hundred  pupils. 


5S 


T li  c    St.    Lou  is 


Electrical    Handbook  59 

FEATURES   OF   THE   EXPOSFnOX 

The  main  picture  of  the  Exposition  centres  around 
Festival  Hall,  which  is  200  feet  high,  at  the  head  of  the 
Grand  Basin,  an  architectural  masterpiece  by  Cass  Gil- 
bert. From  this  pour  the  three  cascades,  with  ninety- 
four  feet  fall,  into  the  Grand  Basin.  A  curved  colon- 
nade flanks  each  side  of  Festival  Hall,  terminating  in 
a  restaurant  pavilion  at  each  end,  with  heroic  .statues, 
symbolizing  the  fourteen  States  of  the  Louisiana  Pur- 
chase, occupying  intervening  alcoves. 

The  Art  Building,  which  is  450  by  830  feet,  is  just 
south  of  Festival  Hall,  and  this  will  be-  the  permanent 
monument  of  the  Exposition.  It  is  constructed  of  brick, 
stone  and  terra  cotta,  at  a  cost  of  $1,000,000;  designed 
by  Cass  Gilbert  of  St.  Paul. 

Radiating  from  the  front  of  Festival  Hall,  and  on  a 
plane  some  sixty  feet  lower,  are  the  following  main 
buildings  of  the  Exposition  : — 

To  the  extreme  right  and  marking  the  eastern  end  of 
the  grounds  is  the  Government  Building,  250  by  800 
feet  and  costing  $450,000.  It  is  a  dignified,  classic  struc- 
ture, designed  by  J.  Knox  Taylor  of  Washington,  in 
which  all  the  different  departments  of  the  government 
are  represented.  Huge  guns  are  shown  on  the  adjacent 
terraces.  The  Fisheries  Building,  covering  an  area  of 
135  by  135  feet,  adjoins  on  the  south. 

The  Mining  and  Metallurgy  Building,  which  is  525 
by  750  feet  and  cost  $500,000,  was  designed  by  Theo.  C. 
Link  of  St.  Louis  on  unique  lines,  with  towering  obelisks. 
It  fronts  the  Government  Building,  and  its  twenty-five 
acres  of  outside  working  exhibits  lie  in  the  adjoining 
gulch  that  runs  at  the  base  of  the  Plateau  of  States. 

The  Liberal  Arts  Building,  which  is  525  by  750  feet, 
covering  nine  acres  and  costing  $450,000,  was  designed 
by  Barnett,  Haynes  &  Barnctt  of  St.  Louis.  It  is  in 
front  of  the  Mining  Building,  with  an  intervening 
sunken  garden.  In  this  building  are  the  civil  engineer- 
ing exhibits. 

West  of  the  .Mining  Building,  and  surrounded  by  the 


6o 


The    St.    Louis 


Electrical    Handbook  6i 

lagoon,  is  the  Education  Building,  which  is  525  bj'  750 
feet,  costing  $400,000.  It  is  one  of  the  purest  and  most 
dignified  designs  in  classic  architecture  on  the  grounds, 
and  was  designed  by  Eames  &  Young  of  St.  Louis. 

The  dimensions  of  the  Manufactures  Building  are 
525  by  1,200  feet,  covering  twelve  acres.  The  building 
cost  $850,000.  It  lies  between  the  Plaza  of  Orleans  on 
the  east  and  the  Grand,  or  Plaza  of  St.  Louis,  on  the 
west,  has  a  most  imposing  entrance  on  the  south  side, 
and  was  designed  by  Carrere  &  Hastings  of  New  York. 

Facing  the  west  side  of  the  Grand  Basin,  and  sur- 
rounded by  the  lagoon,  is  the  Electricity  Building,  525 
by  750  feet,  covering  nine  acres,  costing  $400,000,  de- 
signed by  Walker  &  Kimball  of  Omaha. 

West  of  the  Electricity  Building  is  ^lachinery  liall, 
525  by  1,100  feet,  covering  twelve  acres,  costing  $600,000, 
with  its  numerous  towers,  designed  by  Widmann,  Walsh 
&  Boissellierc.  Adjoining  to  the  west  is  the  boiler  house, 
a  fire-proof  structure  covering  two  and  one-half  acres. 

North  of  Machinery  Hall,  and  fronting  on  the  Pike, 
is  the  Transportation  Building,  which  is  525  by  1,300  feet, 
covering  fifteen  acres,  costing  $700,000,  designed  by  E. 
L.  Masqueray.  This  building  forms  the  extreme  western 
end  of  the  main  group,  or  principal  picture. 

Fronting  on  the  west  side  of  Skinker  Road  are  the 
foreign  government  buildings,  w'hile  on  a  commanding 
terrace  are  the  dignified  Tudor-Gothic  granite  buildings 
of  Washington  University  that  have  been  leased  for  the 
administration  offices.  As  architectural  studies  of  all 
nationalities  this  group  is  most  interesting. 

South  of  the  administration  offices  is  the  Forestry, 
Fish  and  Game  Building,  400  by  600  feet.  Farther  south. 
on  a  rising  slope,  is  the  Agricultural  Building,  the  largest 
on  the  grounds,  500  by  1,600  feet,  covering  twenty  acres 
and  costing  $800,000.  Adjoining  it  is  the  Horticultural 
Building,  300  by  1,000  feet,  costing  $200,000,  and  the  huge 
Live  Stock  Pavilions,  covering  forty  acres. 

In  the  extreme  western  part  of  the  grounds  is  the 
Athletic  Stadium,  seating  27.000.  and  at  Intramural  Sta- 
tion No.  7  is  the   Philippine  exhibit,  a  most  interesting 


62 


The   St.    Louis 


Sn    TTWS^ 


^li   '''^  ii  ^ 


Electrical    Hand  b  o  o  k  dj 

and  complete  exhibit  of  our  new  colonies.  It  occupies 
forty-two  acres  and  cost  over  $i,ooo,coo. 

The  military  camps,  garbage  crematory,  barns,  sto- 
rage warehouses,  etc.,  are  in  the  southwestern  corner  of 
the  grounds. 

In  the  southern  part  of  the  grounds  is  a  renmant  of 
the  fine  old  oak  forest  that  covered  the  major  portion  of 
the  Exposition  site  three  years  ago. 

In  the  southeastern  portion  of  the  Exposition  is  the 
Plateau  of  States  and  the  huge  Inside  Inn,  400  by  800, 
accommodating  6,000  guests.  The  various  State  build- 
ings present  a  variety  of  architectural  studies  and  his- 
toric reproductions,  some  of  which  are  very  attractive. 
The  State  of  Washington  Building  is  noteworthy  for  the 
eight  Oregon  pine  timbers  which  enclose  it.  They  meas- 
ure 2  feet  by  2  feet  by  no  feet  and  are  clear  sticks  of 
timber.  Opposite  is  the  Aviary,  or  "Bird  Cage,"  a  huge 
cage  300  feet  long,  occupied  by  a  rich  collection  of  birds. 

Conspicuous  by  their  height,  and  affording  a  fine 
view  of  the  Exposition  and  St.  Louis,  are  the  Observa- 
tory Tower,  300  feet  high,  in  the  northeastern  corner  of 
the  grounds,  and  the  Ferris  Wheel,  250  feet  in  diameter, 
on  the  Skinker  Road,  adjoining  the  boiler  house  in  the 
western  part. 

Fronting  4,000  feet  along  the  north  side  of  the  grounds 
and  extending  2,000  feet  along  the  Skinker  Road  is  The 
Pike,  with  its  concessions  and  amusements.  The  Pike 
in  St.  Louis  is  what  the  Midway  was  at  the  Columbian 
Exposition  in  Chicago,  only  more  so.  Its  dominating 
spirit  is  appropriately  indicated  by  the  group  of  statuary 
placed  at  its  entrance,  which  represents  a  company  of 
cowboys  "shooting  up"  a  Western  town.  Here  are 
grouped  in  the  widest  profusion  circuses,  shows,  delu- 
sions, mechanical  effects  and  fakes,  constituting  a  world 
of  its  own.  Here  are  also  gathered  representatives  of 
nations  and  peoples  from  every  corner  of  the  inhabited 
globe.  It  is  safe  to  say  that  here  the  visitor  will  be  sep- 
arated from  more  of  his  money  than  he  will  care  to  com- 
pute at  the  end  of  a  week's  visit,  but  it  is  also  safe  to  say 
that  with  the  feeling  of  sadness  at  the  flattened  pocket- 


64 


The   St.   Louis 


Electrical    Hand  b  o  o  k  6j 

book  will  come  the  cheerful  recollection  that  he  has  re- 
ceived his  money's  worth. 

The  Tyrolean  Alps,  at  the  main  or  Lindell  entrance, 
is  especially  noteworthy  in  its  faithful  and  beautiful  re- 
production of  an  Alpine  village.  Among  the  other 
amusement  features  to  be  found  on  the  Pike  may  be 
mentioned  the  following:  "Irish  Village,"  "Under  and 
Over  the  Sea,"  "Streets  of  Seville,"  "Hunting  in  the 
Ozarks,"  "Hagenbeck's  Animals,"  "Mysterious  Asia," 
"r^Ioorish  Palace,"  "Fair  Japan,"  "Hereafter,"  "Glass- 
weaving,"  "Paris,"  "Ancient  Rome,"  "Creation,"  "Palais 
du  Costumes,"  "Infant  Incubator,"  "Indian  Congress  and 
Wild  West  Show,"  "Siberian  Railroad,"  "Deep  Sea 
Divers,"  "Cairo,"  "Chinese  Village,"  "Constantinople," 
"Esquimaux  and  Laplanders,"  "]\Iagic  Whirlpool,"  "Clifif 
Dwellers,"  "Battle  Abbey,"  "Naval  Exhibit,"  "Jim  Key," 
an  educated  horse ;  "Old  Plantation,"  "Galveston  Flood," 
"Hale's  Fire  Fighters,"  "New  York  to  the  North  Pole," 
"Jerusalem,"  "Observation  Wheel,"  "Miniature  Rail- 
way," "Poultry  Farm,"  "Transvaal  Spectacle,"  "Colo- 
rado Gold  Mine,"  "Shoot  the  Chutes,"  "Scenic  Railway" 
and  "Temple  of  Mirth." 

THE  CASCADES 

The  Cascades  descending  the  gentle  slope  between  the 
Festival  Hall  and  the  Grand  Basin  form  the  leading 
monumental  feature  of  the  Exposition,  and  must  be  seen 
to  be  appreciated  in  all  their  beauty.  The  water  for  their 
use  is  pumped  from  the  Grand  Basin  and  it  is  expected 
that  the  lagoons  will  be  kept  fresh  by  the  circulation  thus 
produced  in  them,  as  well  as  by  aeration  in  its  frequently- 
broken  fall  down  the  steps.  At  the  top  of  the  hill  in 
front  of  Festival  Hall  and  at  each  of  the  pagodas,  there 
is  a  fountain,  that  in  the  centre  being  the  largest. 

The  width  of  the  central  cascade  at  the  top  is  about 
40  ft.,  which  increases  to  160  ft.  at  the  foot.  There  is  a 
total  descent  of  about  90  ft.,  including  a  sheer  fall  of  21 
ft.  into  the  basin.  The  cascade  is  made  of  three  sheets 
of  water  separated  by  two  curved  division  walls.     Wide 


66 


The    St.    L  0  u  !  s 


West  Founlain,  i  he  Cascades 


Electrical    H  a  n  d  b  o  o  k  6/ 

curved  promenades  witli  series  of  shallow  steps  border 
both  of  its  sides.  The  two  side  cascades  resemble  it  in 
general  features,  but  are  much  smaller  and  have  only 
single  sheets  of  water  about  i8  ft.  wide  at  the  top  and  50 
ft.  at  the  foot.  They  are  also  bordered  on  each  side  by 
low  steps,  which,  unlike  those  of  the  central  cascade,  are 
carried  by  a  bridge  across  the  lower  part  of  the  fall.  Be- 
yond this  bridge  there  is  a  wide  curved  basin  in  which  the 
water  comes  to  rest  before  it  passes  through  an  under- 
ground conduit  to  an  elliptical  basin  about  60  ft.  long  on 
the  opposite  side  of  the  main  promenade.  From  this 
basin  the  water  flows  through  a  concealed  outlet  into  the 
Grand  Basin.  The  central  cascade  is  designed  for  a  flow 
of  5i,coo  gal.  per  minute;  provision  is  made  for  eighteen 
i^-in.  jets  and  ten  i-in.  jets,  which  are  delivered  to  it 
from  the  sides  and  bases.  The  two  side  cascades  are 
each  designed  for  about  half  the  central  flow.  The  water 
from  the  lagoons  returns  through  a  wooden  flume  in  the 
Grand  Basin  to  the  pump  room  under  the  platform  of  the 
east  cascade,  where  the  hj^draulic  and  the  electric  plants 
are  installed.  There  are  three  Worthington  centrifugal 
pumps,  1 1 1/2  ft.  high,  with  40-in.  suction  and  36-in.  dis- 
charge pipes.  They  are  operated  by  25-cycle,  three- 
phase  Westinghouse  induction  motors  of  2,000  h.p.  capac- 
ity, which  are  said  to  be  the  largest  of  that  kind  yet  built. 
The  pumps  discharge  into  a  ioo,ooo-gaI.  steel  tank  hav- 
ing an  air  cushion  maintained  bj^  a  special  air  pump  at 
a  pressure  of  about  60  pounds  per  square  inch  to  provide 
a  uniform  flow  and  force  the  water  to  the  upi)er  lountain. 
Provision  is  made  for  draining  each  of  the  basins  in  the 
fountains  and  cascades,  if  necessary,  and  for  draining  the 
Grand  Basin  and  lagoons  through  outfalls  to  the  water- 
way if  desirable. 

When  the  Cascades  pumping  plant  was  designed,  it 
was  estimated  that  it  would  have  a  capacity  of  90,000  gal. 
a  minute.  As  a  matter  of  fact  the  actual  flow  of  water 
has  never  been  measured,  but  the  important  fact  remains 
that  the  capacitj-  of  the  plant  is  5,400,000  gal.  an  hour, 
said  to  be  twice  the  total  consuni])tion  of  water  by  tiie 
city  of  St.  Louis. 


68 


The   St.    Louis 


The  induction  motors  are  direct  connected  to  the 
Worthington  centrifugal  pumps  and  each  unit  may  work 
independently.  The  motors  are  remarkable  for  their 
high  efficiency  and  for  the  high  voltage  at  which  they 
operate.  They  are  wound  for  three-phase,  6,600  volts, 
3,000  alternations,  corresponding  to  a  synchronous  speed 
of  375  rev.  per  min..  the  actual  speed  being  about  365 
revolutions.  The  primary  winding  consists  of  machine- 
wound  heavy  insulated  coils  put  into  half  closed  slots  in 


Electric  Fountain,  Tyrolean  Alps 

the  laminations.  The  secondary  is  also  phase-wound, 
but  for  a- lower  voltage,  the  ends  of  the  winding  going  to 
three  collector  rings,  and  from  them  to  the  starting  rheo- 
stat. 

^Motors  of  such  capacity  must  be  started  with  great 
care  if  the  generating  plant  is  not  to  be  affected.  In  this 
case,  the  pumps  are  kept  ready  for  work  and  filled  with 
water,  being  connected  to  the  city  water  mains  in  order 
that  they  might  be  filled  at  any  time  should  they  in  some 
way  be  emptied.  As  the  Cascades  run  ever}-  day  and  in 
the  evening  at  regular  hours,  the  attendants  at  the  West- 


Electrical    Handbook 


6q 


inghouse  Exposition  service  plant  in  [Machinery  Hall 
know  the  time  of  starting  the  motors,  keep  the  voltage 
at  abont  4.500,  and  after  the  motors  have  been  started  the 
voltage  on  the  generators  is  graduallj-  raised  to  6,600. 
The  starting  rheostat  consists  of  many  grid-tj-pe  resist- 
ances placed  on  shelves  where  they  are  well  ventilated. 
They  are  pnt  into  circuit  by  means  of  large  oil-immersed 
controllers  operated  by  hand.  These  controllers,  because 
of  the  exceptional  size  of  the  motors,  have  an  unusually 
large  number  of  steps.     The  starting  has  been  done  since 


IW 


m 


r^ 

Missouri  State  Building  i 

the  opening  of  the  Exposition  without  accident.'^,  and  is 
performed  very  smoothly,  the  starting  current  being 
raised  up  gradual!)"  from  about  one-half  of  the  normal 
current. 

The  switchl)oard  is  provided  with  high  tension  oil- 
immersed  automatic  circuit-breakers,  and  with  Westing- 
house  ammeters  and  voltmeters  for  each  phase.  Inte- 
grating and  indicating  wattmeters  are  provided  at  the 
outgoing  ends  of  the  cables  at  the  main  switchboard  of 
the  generating  plant  in  Machinery  Hall.  The  motors 
operate  under  cxcei)tii)nally  heavy  conditions  in  a  very 


/  0  The   St.    L  o  II  i  s 

humid  place  witli  a  floor  at  the  level  of  the  lagoons.  To 
protect  the  motors  against  moisture  it  has  been  consid- 
ered necessary  to  circulate  direct  current  through  the 
windings  during  a  considerable  part  of  the  time  when 
they  are  out  of  service. 

TLLUMIX.\TIOX  OF  THE  EXPOSITION 

The  spectacular  effects  which  make  one  exposition 
more  notable  than  its  predecessor  are  due  largely  to  elec- 
tric   lighting.     Electrical    engineers   have   learned    much 


Plaza  at  St.  Louis  by  Xiglit 

about  illuminating  effects  from  expositions,  for  nowhere 
else  are  presented  the  problems  of  brilliantly  lighting 
such  great  areas,  both  indoors  and  out.  After  much  dis- 
cussion and  experiment  it  has  been  decided  that  the  most 
satisfactory  way  of  illuminating  grounds  and  buildings 
is  by  the  use  of  incandescent  lamps  alone.  By  spacing 
the  lamps  at  short  intervals  the  effect  is  a  line  of  light 
marking  each  architectural  outline.  Inside  the  buildings 
the  conditions  are  wholly  different,  for  the.  light  must 
be  such  that  visitors  can  examine  minute  details  and  read 
inscriptions  anywhere.  Arc  lights  of  high  candle-power 
with  suitable  reflectors  give  the  best  results.     The  success 


Electrical    Ha  ii  d  hook 


71 


of  the  illuniinatioii  is  due  in  large  measure  to  the  efforts 
of  Henry  Rustin.  formerly  chief  electrical  and  mechan- 
ical engineer  of  the  Exposition. 

The  magnitude  of  the  lighting  scheme  at  St.  Louis  is 
most  impressive,  for  the  grounds,  a  mile  wide  and  two 
miles  in  length,  must  be  made  conspicuous  by  the  illumi- 
nations at  night.  To  make  this  illumination  brilliant  and 
impressive,  efforts  were  concentrated  at  the  architec- 
tural centre  of  the  Exposition  ;  this  includes  the  struc- 
tures surrounding  the  Cascade  gardens,  the  Grand  Basin 


riic  Lagoon  by  Xiylit 


and  the  Plaza  of  St.  Louis,  Festival  Hall,  and  the  Colon- 
nade of  States.  Upon  these  are  distributed  20,oco  incan- 
descent lamps.  This  portion  of  the  lighting  scheme  is 
partially  experimental,  efforts  being  made  to  get  combi- 
nations of  color  that  will  give  various  rainbow  effects. 
On  the  inside  of  tlie  pillars  forming  the  Colonnade  are 
vertical  lines  of  lamps,  each  unit  consisting  of  three 
incandescent  lights,  the  first  having  a  clear  bulb,  the  sec- 
ond a  ruby,  and  the  third  an  emerald  tint.  This  enables 
many  color  effects  to  be  obtained,  as  all  the  lights  of  one 
color  can  be  turned  on  or  any  combination  of  them  can 


J 2  The    St.    L  I)  u  I  s 

be  blended.  This  is  obtained  I)y  arranging  the  colored 
lamps  upon  different  circuits. 

The  current  supply  is  from  a  three-phase  system,  sep- 
arate feeders  extending  to  each  color  of  light  with  a  com- 
mon neutral  for  all  three.  Water  rheostats  are  arranged 
in  each  circuit  so  that  the  effect  of  the  lights  gradually 
increasing  in  brilliancy  up  to  full  power  can  be  obtained. 
With  these  different  combinations  set  programs  are  ar- 
ranged for  the  edification  of  the  evening  visitors. 

For  the  decorative  lighting,  incandescent  lamps  of 
small  candle-power  are  most  effective  from  both  an 
economic  and  a  spectacular  standpoint.  No  arc  lamps 
for  decorative  lighting  have  been  used  at  the  Exposition, 
for  the  contrast  between  the  white  light  of  the  arc  and 
the  red  of  the  incandescent  is  not  pleasing.  As  may  be 
noted  from  the  illustration,  the  eastern  fagade  of  the 
Electricity  Building  is  exceedingly  beautiful  with  every 
outline  marked  with  rows  of  incandescent  lamps.  About 
12.000  lamps  have  been  placed  each  on  the  Palaces  of 
Education  and  Electricity,  about  20,oco  on  Machinery 
Hall.  17,000  on  Varied  Industries  Building,  and  10.000 
upon  Transportation  Building.  Incandescent  lamps  of 
8  c-p.  have  been  used  almost  without  exception.  About 
a  half  million  incandescent  lamps  will  be  used  during  the 
entire  season  for  exterior  illumination. 

Search-lights  are  stationed  on  the  roofs  of  the  prin- 
cipal buildings  and  will  play  from  one  interesting  feature 
to  another.  At  the  present  time  the  largest  search-light 
in  the  world  surmounts  the  dome  of  the  Women's  Maga- 
zine Building;  the  great  beam  of  light  from  it  is  conspic- 
uous over  all  the  grounds  and  the  city  of  St.  Louis. 

The  arc-lighting  plant  is  used  to  light  the  interior  of 
the  buildings,  the  seven  miles  of  stockade  enclosing  the 
grounds,  and  the  Pike.  Two  thousand  arc  lamps  were 
needed  to  carry  out  this  plan.  After  carefully  consider- 
ing the  requirements  it  was  decided  to  adopt  the  series 
alternating-current  enclosed  arc  lamp  system  operating  at 
60  cycles  and  2,300  volts.  The  current  supply  is  from  a 
6oo-kw.  alternator  direct  connected  to  a  Willans  type  of 
engine  operating  at   277   rev.   per  min.     The   regulating 


Electrical    Handbook  j^ 

device  of  series  alternating  system  is  a  constant-current 
transformer  having  its  primary  winding  connected  di- 
rectly to  the  2,300  volt  alternator.  These  transformers 
are  cooled  by  a  natural  draft  of  air  which  is  directed  by  a 
light  casing  that  also  protects  the  moving  parts. 


he  Pike" 


The  installation  in  Machinery  Hall  consists  of  eight- 
een transformers  of  this  type,  each  with  a  capacity  of  62 
kw. ;  each  transformer  supplies  100  arc  lamps  taking  a 
constant  current  of  6.6  amperes.  Each  transformer  is 
provided  with  a  switchboard  panel  equipped  with  the 
necessary    controlling    and     measuring    apparatus.     All 


74 


The   St.    Lou 


wires  of  every  description  are  under  ground,  and  these 
are  carried  in  conduits  of  pump  log-ducts  which  are 
simply  boarded  in  the  trenches,  except  under  the  lagoons, 
where  they  are  enclosed  in  cement.  The  lighting  mains 
consist  of  lead-covered  cables. 

All  the  arc  lamps  used  on  the  E.xposition  grounds  are 
of  the  series  alternating-current  type.  This  lamp  oper- 
ates on  the  differential  principle  with  shunt  and  series 
magnets  which  move  two  laminated  armatures  connected 


Palace  of  Electricity  Illuminated 

through  a  lever  to  a  carbon  clutch.  The  shunt  and  series 
magnets  work  in  opposition  and  tend  to  oppose  any 
change  in  the  arc  pressure.  By  means  of  a  sliding  weight 
adjustment  for  the  impressed  pressure  can  be  made;  this 
helps  the  series  magnet  to  strike  the  arc  at  the  proper 
pressure.  A  small  starting  resistance  is  provided,  and  a 
mechanical  cut-out  is  arranged  to  operate  in  case  of  open 
circuit  in  the  lamp.  Vibrations  of  the  armature  core  due 
to  the  alternating  current  are  absorbed  by  a  small  leaf 
spring  in  each  armature.  Each  of  these  lamps  take  6.6 
amperes  at  /2  volts,  or  430  watts. 


E  I  c  c  t  r  i  c  a  1    H  a  n  d  b  o  o  k  /j 

TRAXSPORTATIOX   WITHIX   THE  GROUNDS 

New  problems  of  transportation  arise  as  the  inter- 
national expositions  grow  in  extent ;  these  have  been  met 
at  St.  Louis  in  several  ways.  The  first  and  most  impor- 
tant means  of  transportation  about  the  grounds  is  by  the 
Intramural  railway,  a  double-track,  overhead-trolley, 
electric  railway  running  around  the  edge  of  the  main 
Exposition  enclosure  and  designed  to  give  visitors  a 
convenient  means  of  reaching  every  section  of  the  Expo- 
sition grounds.  For  a  considerable  portion  of  its  route 
the  Intramural  skirts  the  enclosure  of. the  Exposition. 
Two  miles  of  its  course  are  directly  through  the  heart  of 
one  of  the  most  interesting  portions  of  the  grounds,  and 
for  about  one  mile  it  runs  through  the  fine  oak  forest  of 
Forest  Park.  The  total  length  measured  as  single  track 
is  12.^6  miles,  in  addition  to  which  there  is  0.75  mile  of 
storage  track  for  Intramural  cars.  The  length  of  single 
track  trestle  is  1.19  miles.  The  road  runs  partly  on  the 
surface  and  partly  on  trestle  work,  following  the  topog- 
raph}^ of  the  grounds.  The  right  of  way  is  fenced,  and 
stops  are  made  only  at  regular  stations.  Its  terminals 
are  located  inside  the  grounds,  respectively  east  and  west 
of  the  Lindell  or  main  entrance,  these  being  about  600  ft. 
apart,  leaving  a  broad  avenue  between,  so  that  the 
road  does  not  deface  the  fine  central  view  of  the  "main 
picture."  The  <:eniiinal  stations  of  the  road  are  simple 
dead-end  stations,  each  containing  two  stub  tracks,  so 
that  cars  may  arrive  and  depart  without  conflict.  There 
are  17  stations  on  the  Intramural  route,  consisting  of 
covered  platforms  with  turnstile  exits;  the  same  platform 
is  used  for  loading  and  unloading.  Tickets  are  sold  at 
the  stations  and  passcngor>  pay  their  fare  before  enter- 
ing, passing  to  the  loading  platforms  through  turnstiles. 
Wherever  there  are  hills  along  the  route  the  stations 
have  been  placed  at  the  top,  so  that  the  passengers  are 
saved  ranch  of  the  fatigue  of  climbing  hills. 

In  the  operation  of  the  road  it  is  the  intention  to  give 
frequent  service  rather  than  to  run  cars  at  high  speed. 
It  is  believed  that  visitors  will  use  the  Intramural  as  a 


76 


/ 


T  Ji  c   St.    Lou 


I  s 


means  of  obtaining  a  general,  or  as  it  were,  a  sky-line 
survey  of  the  Exposition  as  a  whole,  and  will  desire  to 
travel  at  a  rate  of  speed  sufficiently  slow  to  enable  them 
to  enjoy  each  building  and  special  feature  along  the 
route.  It  is  also  believed  that  visitors  will  find  a  trip 
around  the  Intrannn\'il  a  pleasant  means  of  resting  from 
the  fatigue  of  walking  through  the  buildings  and  grounds. 
For  these  reasons  cars  will  be  run  on  a  five-minute  head- 
Ava\\  or  less,  and  will  require  about  42  minutes  to  make 


Thf  1  ntraniural  Car- 


the  circuit  from  terminal  to  terminal.  \\'hen  traffic  is 
comparatively  light,  cars  will  be  run  singly,  but  when 
travel  is  heavy  they  will  be  operated  in  two  or  three-car 
trains,  as  the  traffic  may  require.  The  fare  from  any 
station  to  any  other  station  is  10  cents. 

The  rails  are  65  lb.  A.  S.  C.  E.  standard  T-section. 
The  road  is  standard-gauge  and  cinder  ballasted.  Cen- 
tre-pole construction  was  adopted  except  where  the  road 
runs  through  the  woodland.  There  are  51  closed  cars 
and  seven  14-bench  open  cars,  it  being  the  intention  to 
use  the  open  cars  only  on  days  of  very  heavy  traffic.  The 
cars  measure  34  ft.  over  body,  with  5-ft.  platforms,  mak- 


E  I  e  c  f  r  i  c  a  I    H  a  ii  d  b  o  o  k  JJ 

ing  44  ft.  over  all.  Eacli  car  has  seating  capacity  for  52 
passengers.  The  closed  cars  are  fitted  with  necessary 
train  control  apparatus  with  four  motors  to  each  car. 
Both  platforms  are  vestibuled  and  are  protected  b\-  fold- 
ing gates.  There  are  no  car  steps,  as  the  loading  and 
imloading  platforms  at  the  stations  are  built  to  come  flush 
with  the  car  platforms. 

Repair  and  storage  shops  for  the  Intramural  cars 
have  lieen  built  in  the  extreme  southwest  corner  of  the 
grounds.  The  shops  are  temporary  in  character  and  are 
fitted  with  pits  and  the  small  tools  required  for  making 
light  repairs.  No  heavy  repair  work  will  be  attempted. 
Power  for  the  Intramural  road  is  supplied  from  a  group 
of  600-volt  generating  units  of  accepted  railway  types 
located  in  Machinery  Hall. 

A  trip  which  is  even  more  enjoyable  and  instructive 
is  one  on  an  electric  automobile  through  the  main  thor- 
oughfares of  the  Exposition.  This  is  the  first  exposi- 
tion at  which  such  a  service  has  been  rendered.  The 
generous  patronage  received  indicates  that  it  meets  an 
actual  want.  The  regular  route  covers  the  centre  of  the 
Exposition  and  a  visit  to  each  of  the  exhibit  palaces.  At 
intervals  a  stop  is  made  and  the  chauffeur  describes  the 
various  points  of  interest.  A  fare  of  25  cents  is  charged. 
If  the  visitor  wishes  the  exclusive  use  of  a  vehicle  he 
can  hire  a  cab  or  brougham  at  a  rate  of  $4  per  hour  and 
take  his  friends  to  any  part  of  the  grounds.  There  is  but 
one  forbidden  roadway,  which  is  between  the  Louisiana 
Purchase  Monument  and  the  Grand  Basin  ;  over  this  no 
vehicles  can  pass.  The  company  also  has  a  number  of 
large  automobiles  running  from  the  princijjal  hotels  in 
the  city  into  the  Exposition  grounds.  The  fare  for  this 
ride  is  50  cents.  Arrangements  are  also  made  to  meet 
parties  or  delegations  at  the  trains  and  convey  them  to 
the  grounds  or  to  the  Inside  Inn.  A  special  gate  into  the 
grounds  is  provided  for  the  automobiles.  The  automo- 
bile service  begins  at  8  a.  m.  and  continues  until  i  o'clock 
at  night.  In  order  to  reduce  the  fire  hazard,  all  gasoline 
automobiles  are  excluded  from  the  grounds,  which  leaves, 
the  field  exclusively  to  storage-battery  vehicles. 


78 


The   St.    Lo 


U  1  s 


The  Automobile  Company  lias  made  an  excellent  rec- 
ord, as  not  one  accident  of  any  kind  has  occurred  with 
their  vehicles.  This  is  due  largely  to  a  rigid  system  of 
inspection  to  keep  the  automobiles  in  good  condition,  and 
to  the  careful  instruction  of  all  its  operators.  Each  can- 
didate must  be  an  experienced  chauffeur  and  before  tak- 
ing charge  of  a  vehicle  is  tutored  by  an  inspector  with 
reference  to  the  care  and  operation  of  the  automobile  and 
also  regarding  the  facts  and  figures  about  the  Exposition 
which  will  be  of  interest  to  his  passengers.  There  is  no 
prescribed  speed  regulation,  because  fast  driving  would 


Seeing  the  Fair  by  Automobile 

defeat  the  purpose  of  the  trip,  which  is  to  give  the  pas- 
sengers a  chance  to  comprehend  the  beautiful  surround- 
ings. The  automobiles  seldom  if  ever  exceed  eight  miles 
an  hour. 

The  company  has  built  a  garage  and  charging  station 
at  the  east  end  of  the  ^lodel  Cit}^  and  near  the  De  Forest 
Tower.  Three  50-h.p.  gas  engines  are  belted  to  iio-volt 
generators  to  supply  the  current.  The  leads  extend  to 
the  charging  plugs  along  one  side  of  the  building  where 
fifty-five  batteries  can  be  charged  at  a  time.  Another 
charging  station  is  downtown  at  the  corner  of  Thirteenth 
and   Locust   streets.     There   are  two  batteries   for   each 


Electrical    Hand  b  o  o  k  jq 

automobile  so  that  each  can  be  kept  in  continuous  service, 
one  battery  being  charged  while  the  other  is  in  service. 
The  batter}'  is  carried  beneath  the  bodj'  of  the  automo- 
bile and  when  it  is  released  the  vehicle  is  run  over  a  lift 
which  is  level  with  the  floor.  .\  wheel  truck  is  pushed 
over  the  lift  and  under  the  battery.  It  is  raised  to  receive 
the  battery  and  when  lowered  is  moved  to  a  charging 
plug.  There  are  four  of  these  lifts,  operated  hy  Ingersol- 
Sargant  oil  pumps  driven  by  electric  motors.  Six  bat- 
teries can  be  removed  and  replaced  every  ten  minutes. 
The  charging  generators  are  kept  at  i  lo  volts  and  the 
current  charge  to  each  battery  is  regulated  h\  a  rheostat. 
As  there  is  an  attendant  at  the  generators  and  at  the  bat- 
teries all  the  time,  no  automatic  over-charge  or  release  is 
employed.  The  batteries  receive  charges  once  a  day. 
which  is  sufficient  for  a  25-mile  run.  Once  a  week  each 
battery  is  discharged  under  the  observation  of  an  expert 
and  readings  are  taken  every  five  minutes.  Any  neces- 
sary repairs  or  renewals  are  made  at  this  time.  When 
fully  charged  the  density  of  the  electrolyte  is  kept  at  1,300, 
which  falls  to  about  1,250  at  end  of  normal  discharge. 
The  plates  for  these  batteries  are  shipped  direct  from 
the  supply  house  and  assembled  and  the  connections 
burned  together  at  the  station.  Wooden  separators  are 
employed,  as  they  seem  to  give  better  results  than  rul)bor. 
All  batteries  have  42  Exide  cells,  with  from  nine  to  nine- 
teen W.  V.  plates,  depending  upon  the  size  of  the  vehicle. 
The  motors  operate  at  eighty  volts  and  twenty  to  thirty- 
five  ampere  capacit\-.  with  series-parallel  control. 

After  a  circuit  of  the  grounds  in  an  automobile  has 
been  made  during  the  day,  the  visitor  will  find  great 
pleasure  in  a  launch  trip  about  the  lagoons  during  the 
evening.  The  most  beautiful  effect  imaginable  is  during 
the  illumination  when  the  myriad  lights  on  the  buildings 
are  reflected  in  the  waters  of  the  Grand  Basiin  and  la- 
goons. A  journey  of  two  and  one-half  miles  can  be 
made  through  the  Grand  Basin,  across  the  base  of  the 
Cascades,  around  the  palaces  of  Electricity,  Education, 
and  past  the  Machinery.  Varied  Industries.  Manufac- 
tures. Mining,  and  German  Buildings.     During  the  day- 


T  he   St.    L  o  II  i  s 


time  the  launches  are  covered  witli  awnings,  in  the  even- 
ing the  awnings  are  removed.  The  Launch  and  Gondola 
Concession  Companj'  has  31  electric,  5  gasoline  launches 
and  15  gondolas.  The  gasoline  launches  are  made  in 
fantastic  designs  representing  swans,  peacocks,  dragons, 
etc.  The  gondolas  are  imported  direct  from  Venice  and 
the  singing  Venetian  gondoliers  who  accompany  them 
have  been  selected  both  for  their  voice  and  skill  with  the 
oars.  The  launches  are  30  feet  in  length  and  seven  beam 
and  draw  thirty  inches  of  water  when  loaded.     About  40 


Charging  Station,  Electric  Launches 

passengers  can  be  carried.  The  fare  for  the  trip  is  25 
cents.  The  electric  boats  travel  at  the  rate  of  four  and 
one-half  miles  per  hour  and  make  the  circuit  in  about  a 
half  hour. 

The  launches  are  equipped  with  Willard  storage  bat- 
teries. Each  contains  44  cells  of  140  ampere-hour  capac- 
ity, the  positive  plates  having  the  new  tj^pe  envelope, 
which  gives  excellent  results  by  preventing  to  a  great 
extent  the  shedding  of  active  material.  E^ch  battery 
is  divided  into  two  parts  and  by  means  of  a  series  paral- 
lel controller  gives  three  speeds  forward  and  two  on 
reverse.     The  motors   are  of  2  horse  power,  compound 


E  I  c  c  t  r  i  c  a  I    H  a  ii  d  book  8i 

wound,  four-pole,  with  hall  thrust  and  axle  bearings.  On 
account  of  the  slack  water  and  the  lagoons  being  shel- 
tered from  the  winds  a  boat  will  run  one  hundred  miles 
on  a  charge.  At  present  they  are  in  service  from  five  to 
six  hours  a  day. 

TXTERCOMMUXICATIOX  OX  THE  GROUXDS 

The  best  examples  ever  shown  of  temporary  installa- 
tions of  telegraph,  telephone  and  fire  alarm  systems  are 
those  throughout  the  World's  Fair  grounds.  The  latest 
and  most  modern  equipment  is  used,  and  the  whole  in- 
stallation would  be  a  credit  to  any  city.  This  result  has 
been  through  the  combined  efforts  of  the  electrical  man- 
ufacturers, the  operating  telephone  and  telegraph  com- 
panies and  the  World's  Fair  officials.  The  central  sta- 
tions and  most  of  the  apparatus  are  located  in  the  Elec- 
tricity Building,  where  the  exhibit  and  commercial  fea- 
tures can  be  combined  to  best  advantage. 

The  rate  of  improvement  in  telephone  apparatus  to 
the  layman's  mind  is  judged  by  his  daily  contact  with  the 
receiver  and  transmitter.  He  has  no  conception  of  the 
many  engineering  difficulties  overcome  until  he  has  the 
opportunity  to  inspect  a  central  exchange  and  the  ap- 
paratus therein.  X"o  better  opportunity  will  be  afforded 
for  this  than  a  visit  to  the  operating  telephone  exchanges 
in  the  Electricity  Building. 

Telephones  are  freely  distributed  for  the  use  of  both 
exhibitors  and  the  public,  and,  by  means  of  the  connec- 
tion through  the  St.  Louis  exchanges,  one  can  converse 
from  one  exhibit  to  another,  to  any  building  on  the  Fair 
grounds,  to  any  place  in  the  city  or  as  far  east  as  the 
Atlantic  and  west  to  the  Rocky  Mountains.  Telegrams, 
cablegrams  and  even  aerograms  can  l)c  sent  from  the 
telegraph  stations  within  the  building  to  any  part  of  the 
world.  Although  these  facilities  are  in  universal  use, 
yet  but  very  few  understand  the  operations  necessary  to 
give  such  service,  so  that  the  diflferent  operating  com- 
panies have  demonstrators  to  explain  the  workings  of 
the  apparatus  and  systems. 


6"-' 


T  h  c   St.    L  o  u  i 


The  Exposition  grounds  are  tlireaded  with  under- 
ground cables,  connecting  the  separate  departments  of 
the  Exposition,  the  greater  portion  of  the  exhibitors  and 
most  of  the  State  and  foreign  buildings.  The  independ- 
ent telephone  service  is  handled  b}^  the  Kinloch  Company 
through  the  exchange  of  the  Kellogg  Switchboard  and 
Supply  Company,  which  is  exhibiting  a  full  lamp,  full 
nuiltiple,  common  battery  board  of  i.2CO  lines,  but  equip- 
ped for  an  ultimate  capacity  of  3.600  lines.  Current  is 
supplied  by  a  power  plant  and  its  complement  of  bat- 
teries and  generators  on  the  floor  of  the  exhibit.     The 


«F" 


Kinloch  Telephone  Central,  Palace  of  Electricity 

cables,  terminals,  relays  and  distributing  frames  are  sub- 
ject to  inspection. 

Besides  the  exchange  switchboard,  there  is  an  1,800- 
line  section  of  switchboard  which  is  an  exact  duplicate 
of  the  sections  of  those  at  Buflfalo,  Cleveland  and  Los 
Angeles,  three  of  the  largest  installations,  all  of  which 
are  in  successful  operation.  Each  piece  of  apparatus 
used  in  the  construction  of  telephones  and  switchboards 
is  shown  in  the  minutest  detail.  All  the  several  styles  of 
telephones  have  been  erected  and  their  uses,  made  plain. 
r^Iachines  for  insulating  copper  wire  are  in  full  operation 
with  skilled  mechanics  in  attendance.     A  visit  and  care- 


Electrical    H  a  n  d  h  o  o  k  8^ 

ful  inspection  of  the  Kellogg  exhil)it   is  of  interest  for 
everyone. 

The  American  Telephone  &  Telegraph  Company  oc- 
cupies 3.C0O  square  feet  adjoining  the  Western  Electric 
Company  in  the  Electricity  Building.  Here  is  located 
the  complete  equipment  of  a  standard  Bell  exchange  in 
active  operation.  Service  is  rendered  to  all  subscribers 
on  the  Exposition  grounds,  and  connection  is  made  to  all 
exchanges  in  the  United  States  reached  by  long-distance 
lines.  The  switchboard  has  an  ultimate  capacity  of  9.600 
lines,  9,600  multiple  jacks  and  600  trunks,  but  the  Expo- 
sition service  requires  only  1.500  lines,  which  are  brought 
into  the  exchange  through  an  extensive  underground 
plant.  There  are  nine  operating  positions,  the  one  in  the 
west  end  handling  all  incoming  calls  from  other  offices  of 
the  St.  Louis  exchange  and  from  long-distance  points, 
while  the  others  answer  the  calls  of  subscribers  connected 
with  this  board,  each  operator  being  capable  of  handling 
a  maximum  of  sixty  lines.  When  a  subscriber  makes  a 
call  a  small  electric  lamp  is  lighted  near  the  lower  part 
of  the  board.  Associated  with  each  lamp  is  an  answer- 
ing jack  by  means  of  which  the  operator  plugs  in  on  the 
subscriber's  line  and  takes  the  call.  Just  above  the  small 
electric  lamps  are  the  jacks  for  trunk  lines  to  outlying 
exchanges.  Through  these  trunk  lines  the  operators 
complete  connection  with  parties  called  for  by  subscrib- 
ers connected  with  the  exchange.  In  the  upper  portion 
of  the  board  are  the  multiple  jacks  by  means  of  which 
parties  calling  for  subscribers  connected  with  this  ex- 
change are  placed  in  communication  with  them.  At  the 
left  of  the  board  and  on  the  same  platform  is  a  complete 
power  plant,  including  a  motor-generator  charging  set, 
storage  battery,  ringing  generator  and  power  board:  also 
a  line  relay  rack  and  an  intermediate  distributing  board. 
In  addition  to  the  contract  stations  about  the  grounds, 
there  are  a  large  number  of  slot-pay  stations  at  conven- 
ient locations  in  the  buildings,  where  any  visitor  can 
secure  local  and  long-distance  connections  at  the  regular 
rates.  Besides  a  corps  of  operators  at  the  exchange, 
there  are  several  demonstrators  who  explain  to  visitors 


<S'7 


The    St.    Louis 


tlic  operations  and  telephone  connections.  The  exchange 
and  exhibit  is  under  the  direction  of  Air.  Henry  W. 
Pope. 

The  Automatic  Electric  Company  combines  with  its 
exhibit  a  service  throughout  the  Electricity  Building. 
At  convenient  locations  in  the  building  and  throughout 
the  offices  of  the  department  are  located  automatic  tele- 
phones. By  this  means  the  chief  and  superintendents 
can  keep  in  close  communication  with  the  stenographers, 
assistants,  clerks,  ianitors  and  guards. 


The  Bell  Telephone  E.xchange,  Palace  of  l-'.lrctiuit> 

The  exhibit  includes  two  complete  working  automatic 
exchanges  of  10,000  type,  each  with  100  stations  installed. 
These  two  exchanges,  now  giving  service  throughout  the 
Electricity  Building,  are  connected  together  by  a  system 
of  trunks,  similar  to  that  generally  used  in  manual  tele- 
phone practice  to  connect  branch  exchanges  to  each 
other  and  to  the  main  exchange.  The  selection  of 
trunks,  however,  is  done  automatically,  and  not  through 
human  agency,  as  is  the  case  in  manually-operated  switch- 
boards where  a  call  originating  in  one  exchange  must 
pass  through  the  hands  of  two  operators  to  secure  con- 
nection with  a  telephone  in  another;  a  method  which, 
since   the   number   asked    for   must  be   repeated   by   the 


Electric  a  I    H  a  it  d  b  u  o  k  8f, 

original  to  the  secondary  operator,  of  necessity-  consumes 
time.  This  method  has  the  added  disadvantages  that  it 
offers  double  opportunity  for  errors  to  occur,  and  re- 
quires that  the  subscriber's  memf)ry  be  burdened  by  the 
use  of  names  prefixed  to  the  numbers  to  designate  va- 
rious exchanges.  The  automatic  system  requires  the  use 
of  no  name  prefixes,  and  the  subscriber  need  not  be 
aware  that  he  is  calling  through  more  than  one  exchange, 
since  the  director}-  contains  only  numerical  designations. 
In  all  cases  three  or  four  rotations  of  the  calling  dial  will 
secure  instantaneous  and  direct  communication  with  the 
telephone  desired. 

'J'he  telephones  exhibited  are  of  three  types,  the  wall, 
the  desk  and  the  pedestal.  This  last  may  be  used  as  a 
substitute  for  a  desk  telephone.  It  is  movable,  like  the 
latter.  l)ut  instead  of  resting  on  the  subscriber's  desk  it 
stands  beside  it  at  his  elbow.  All  of  these  telephones  are 
fitted  with  the  regulation  calling  dial,  a  circular  metal 
piece,  on  whose  periphery  are  ten  finger  holes  numbered 
from  I  to  o.  This  dial  is  fixed  on  an  axis  at  its  centre, 
and  as  the  finger  is  placed  consecutively  in  the  holes 
corresponding  to  the  digits  of  the  numbers  desired,  and 
the  dial  turned  once  for  each  digit,  electrical  impulses  are 
conveyed  to  the  switches  at  the  central  office,  setting 
them  in  operation  and  bringing  through  them  the  proper 
connections. 

A  toll  lioard  of  ten  stations  is  also  in  service,  demon- 
strating the  manner  in  which  toll  connections  are  given 
to  users  of  automatic  telephones.  The  rest  of  the  appa- 
ratus disi)layed  is  of  the  same  general  character  as  that 
which  may  be  seen  in  connection  with  any  ui)-to-date 
telei)hone  exchange,  save  the  "tell-tale'  board.  This  is 
simply  a  device  for  the  instantaneous  location  of  trouble. 
wherever  it  may  arise,  and  consists  of  a  number  of  lanqis 
mounted  on  a  slate  slab  together  with  a  magneto  bell. 
In  case  of  trouble  tliis  magneto  liell  rings,  calling  the 
attention  of  the  attendant,  and  a  lamp  glows,  by  the 
position  of  which  on  the  board,  the  location  of  the  trouble 
can  be  inst.antaneously  ascertained  and  pronii)tl\'  recti- 
fied. 


86 


The   St.    Louis 


The  Western  Union  'J'elegraph  Company's  main 
World's  Fair  office  in  the  Electricity  Building  represents 
a  model,  up-to-date  working  telegraph  office.  There  are 
three  light  oak  sextette  tables  equipped  with  quadruplex, 
duplex,  repeaters,  automatic  Wheatstones,  etc.  There  is 
also  a  ticker  service  supplying  New  York  stock  quota- 
tions and  New  York.  Chicago  and  St.  Louis  grain  reports. 
Twenty-two  wires  leading  from  this  office  to  the  main 
down-town  office  give  direct  connection  with  the  larger 
cities.  Branch  offices  on  the  grounds  are  located  at  the 
Inside   Inn.   New   York    State.   Missouri   State,   Govern- 


The  Automatic   I  elephone  Switchboard 

ment,  Mines  and  Metallurgy.  Manufactures.  Agricultural, 
Admini-Stration,  and  Press  Buildings,  The  Stadium.  Phil- 
ippine Village  and  in  the  Siberian  R.  R.  Station  on  the 
"Pike."  These  offices  are  connected  with  the  Electricity 
Building  by  loops,  and  placed  on  the  different  through 
circuits.  Add  to  these  the  three  offices  of  the  Asso- 
ciated Press  and  the  four  commission  houses  in  the 
grounds,  and  it  is  apparent  that  visitors  to  the  Fair 
command  telegraph  facilities  unexcelled. 

A  large  globe  above  the  main  office  of  the  Postal 
Telegraph-Cable  Company  shows  how.  with  its  Pacific 
and  Atlantic  cable  connections,  the  company  circles  the 


Electrical    Ha  n  d  b  o  o  k  8/ 

earth.  The  equipment  of  this  office  is  modern  in  every 
particular  and  shows  the  standard  types  of  apparatus 
adopted  by  the  Postal  Company.  At  the  rear  of  the 
space  there  are  six  Holtzer-Cabot  motor-generators,  each 
giving  twenty-five  amperes  and  forty  volts  for  supplying 
power.  There  is  also  a  complete  switchboard  with  all 
the  instruments  and  switches  for  regulation.  Three 
quadruplex  sets  are  in  operation.  On  the  tables  are  bas- 
ket resonators  and  typewriting  machines. 

The  branch  offices  work  through  the  common  and 
polar  sides  of  these  sets  with  the  St.  Louis  offices,  thus 
making  substantially  two  wires  of  every  single  one  be- 
tween the  Fair  and  the  city. 

Branch  offices  throughout  the  grounds  are  located  at 
the  Administration  Building,  Press  Building,  Inside  Inn, 
New  York  State  Building,  Manufactures,  Mines  and 
Metallurgy,  The  Pike,  Illinois  State  Building,  the  Agri- 
cultural Palace,  the  Philippine  Reservation  and  the  Gov- 
ernment Building.  In  this  way  visitors  are  accommo- 
dated anywhere  on  the  grounds. 

Besides  this,  a  money  order  department  has  been 
established,  and  visitors  who  become  unexpectedly 
"broke"  have  found  this  service  very  convenient. 

POWER   FOR  THE  EXPOSITION 

With  the  exception  of  a  few  isolated  plants  built  for 
private  use  by  some  of  the  individual  concessionaires,  all 
the  power  required  in  the  entire  enclosure  constituting 
the  Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition  for  lighting,  pump- 
ing and  the  operation  of  various  motors,  including  the 
Intramural  Railway,  is  developed  in  Machinery  Hall  and 
its  annex,  the  Steam,  Gas  and  Fuels  Building.  The 
generating  apparatus,  although  all  housed  in  ]ilachinery 
Hall,  is  divided  into  two  separate  power  plants.  One  is 
known  as  the  Exhibitor's  power  plant,  and  is  made  up 
entirely  of  apparatus  entered  as  exhibits  by  more  than 
ninety  engineering  firms,  including  many  of  the  leading 
manufacturing  concerns  of  the  United  States  as  well  as 
several    from    foreign    countries.     The    total    generating 


S8 


The   St.    L  oil  i . 


a>  0)  ^ 
ai  i;  o 

S  =  3 
32  = 

OS      = 


S      - 

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1-3 


§ 

1 
1      : 

1   ' 
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i 

^ 

Electrical    H  a  n  d  b  o  o  k  8g 

capacity  of  the  Exhibitors"  power  plant  amounts  to 
40,oco  h.p..  with  an  output  of  about  J5.OCO  kw.  of  elec- 
trical energy  at  normal  load. 

In  addition  to  the  plant  supplied  by  exhibitors,  there 
is  the  Exposition  power  plant,  made  up  of  machinery 
leased  by  the  Exposition  Company  as  a  service  plant  for 
furnishing  power  during  the  pre-Exposition  period  as 
well  as  during  the  time  the  Fair  is  open.  The  Exposi- 
tion power  plant,  which  was  furnished  by  the  Westing- 
house  Companies,  has  a  capacity  of  8,000  kw.  The 
commanding  size  of  the  four  large  electrical  generating 
units,  each  of  2,000-kw.  capacity,  appeals  to  practically 
all  visitors  to  the  Fair.  These  generators  operate  at 
a  speed  of  83^  revolutions  per  minute  and  deliver  a 
25-cycle  current  at  6.600  volts.  It  is  interesting  to  note 
the  advantage  in  floor  space  economy  of  direct-connected 
generators.  The  space  occupied  by  the  smallest  of  the 
belt-driven  generating  units  at  the  Chicago  exposition 
was  about  65  by  2~  feet,  and  the  units  at  St.  Louis,  which 
arc  almost  three  times  the  capacity,  are  direct  driven  and 
the  over-all  space  occupied  by  each,  including  the  36  and 
75  ''}■  54-inch  Westinghouse-Corliss  vertical  cross-com- 
pound engines,  is  only  about  55  by  15  feet  and  2>-^2  feet 
in  height,  the  flywheel  being  23  feet  in  diameter. 

The  total  space  devoted  to  the  service  electric  plant 
in  Machinery  Hall,  with  the  exciter  units,  condensers, 
cooling  towers  and  35-panel  switchboard,  is  i6,26o  square 
feet.  The  entire  plant  was  designed  and  equipped  by 
Westinghouse.  Church,  Kerr  &  Co..  and  all  the  motive 
power  apparatus  was  furnished  by  the  Westinghouse 
Machine  Company. 

Power  for  I.\tr.\mlr.\i.  K.\m.w.\v 

The  Intramural  Railway  plant  constitutes  one  of  the 
systems  of  the  Exhibitors'  jiower  plant.  The  generating 
units  for  the  Intramural  are  divided  into  two  groups. 
'i"he  first  consists  of  three  steam  engines  and  a  water 
wheel,  each  driving  550-volt,  direct-current  generators 
furnished  by  the  Crocker-Wheeler  Company.     The  four 


pc 


The    St.    Louis 


Electrical    Ha  n  d  b  o  o  k  Qi 

generating  units  in  question  were  furnished  by  the  fol- 
lowing exhibitors  : — 

The  Lane  &  Bodley  Company  exhibits  a  900-h.p. 
cross-compound  engine,  with  cylinders  20  and  40  inches 
by  54-inch  stroke,  direct  connected  to  a  600-kw.  generator 
making  85  rev.  per  min. 

A  750-h.p.  single-cylinder  ]\Iurray-Corliss  engine, 
with  26-inch  cylinder  and  48-inch  stroke,  was  furnished 
by  the  Murray  Iron  Works,  this  being  direct  connected 
to  a  500-kw.  generator  operating  at  100  rev.  per  min. 

The  other  engine  of  the  group  is  from  the  Harrisburg 
Foundry  and  Machine  Works.  It  is  the  Fleming  type, 
four-valve,  tandem-compound,  with  cylinders  15  and 
4oy2  inches  with  26-inch  stroke,  with  a  reheater  between 
the  high  and  low  pressure  cylinders,  and  running  at  150 
rev.  per  min.  This  engine  is  direct  connected  to  a  400- 
kw.  generator. 

A  unique  feature  of  this  installation  is  a  tangential 
water  wheel  exhibited  by  the  Abner  Doble  Company  of 
San  Francisco.  This  wheel  develops  160  h.p.  at  700  rev. 
per  min.  and  is  direct  connected  to  a  loo-kw.  generator. 
Water  for  driving  the  wheel  is  furnished  at  a  pressure 
of  300  pounds  per  square  inch,  by  a  triple  expansion  con- 
densing pump  from  the  Jeansville  Iron  Works. 

The  second  group  of  the  Intramural  plant  consists  of 
a  1,400-h.p.  cross-compound  Buckeye  engine  with  cyl- 
inders 26^  and  50  inches  and  4S-inch  stroke,  direct  con- 
nected to  a  900-kw.  generator  operating  at  100  rev.  per 
min.,  together  with  two  Brown-Corliss  vertical  cross- 
compound  engines,  with  cylinders  18  and  36  inches  and 
36-inch  stroke,  running  at  135  rev.  per  min.,  each  direct 
connected  to  a  500-kw\  generator.  All  the  generators  of 
this  group  were  also  furnished  by  the  Crocker-Wheeler 
Company. 

The  Wheeler  Condenser  and  Engineering  Company 
furnished  for  this  group  an  Admiralty  type  of  surface 
condenser  with  pumps  complete.  This  condenser  also 
takes  care  of  tiit  e\haus<:  steam  from  a  Greenwald  600- 
h.p.  cross-compound  engine,  which  is  direct  connected 
to  a  Fort  Wayne  Electric  Works  400-kw.,  250-volt,  direct- 


p^  T  h  c   S  f .    L  o  u  i  s 

current  generator  used  on  lighting  load.  The  Green- 
wald  engine  has  cylinders  i8  and  36  inches  and  42-inch 
stroke,  and  operates  at  100  rev.  per  min.  The  Walker 
Electric  Company  of  Philadelphia  furnished  the  complete 
switchboard  installation  for  the  entire  system. 

The  generation  of  power  for  the  Intramural  involves 
no  special  engineering  features  except  those  arising  from 
the  fact  that  power  is  secured  from  so  many  different 
classes  of  units.  The  switchboard  is  a  typical  railway 
board  with  the  usual  machine  and  feeder  panels.  Direct 
current  is  generated  at  550-575  volts  and  passes  out  over 
aerial  feeders.  Inasmuch  as  the  power  plant  is  approxi- 
mately in  the  centre  of  the  Intramural  line,  which  takes 
the  form  of  an  irregular  circular  belt,  the  problem  of 
feeder  distribution  was  a  comparatively  simple  one,  the 
chief  requirement  being  to  provide  sufficient  carrying 
capacity  in  copper  for  the  heavy  traffic  anticipated. 

Lighting  and  Power 

The  largest  individual  unit  forms  part  of  a  three- 
phase,  25-cycle,  6,600-volt  system  situated  in  the  central 
block  of  r^Iachinery  Hall.  This  consists  of  an  Allis- 
Chalmers  5,000-h.p.  vertical  and  horizontal  compound 
engine,  direct  connected  to  a  Bullock  3,500-kw.  alter- 
nator: the  engine  is  of  the  Manhattan  type  with  hori- 
zontal high  pressure  cylinder  and  vertical  low  pressure 
cylinder,  both  working  on  the  same  crank  ;  the  cylinders 
are  44  and  94  inches  in  diameter,  stroke  60-inch  and  rev. 
per  min.  75.  The  exhaust  steam  is  taken  care  of  by  a 
barometric  tube  condenser  furnished  by  the  Alberger 
Condenser  Company.  A  vertical  All)erger  engine  drives 
both  the  vacuum  and  circulating  pumps,  the  latter  being 
a  rotary  pump  made  by  the  Connersville  Blower  Com- 
pany. That  part  of  the  water  required  for  boiler  feed  is 
delivered  to  the  cold  wells  by  a  De  Laval  motor-driven 
centrifugal  pump. 

A.  L.  Ide  &  Sons  installed  a  300-h.p.  Ideal  engine, 
direct  connected  to  a  Bullock  200-kw.,  250-volt,  direct- 
current   generator,   part   ol   the   current   produced  being 


Electrical    Ha  ii  </  b  o  o  k 


93 


used  for  exciting  tlie  3.500-k\v.  alternator,  the  remainder 
passing  through  a  Bullock  balancer  and  being  used  for 
driving  the  variable  speed  motors  of  machine  tools 
shown  by  various  exhibitors  in  Machinery  Hall. 

The  next  system  is  one  delivering  a  three-phase.  25- 
cycle,  6,600-volt  current.  It  consists  of  a  1.500-h.p. 
Rateau  turbine  direct  connected  to  a  Bullock  i,ooo-k\v. 
alternator  making  1,500  rev.  per  min.,  and  a  2,250-h.p. 
vertical  cross-compound  engine  with  cylinders  34  and  68 
inches  by  54  inches  direct  connected  to  a  National  Elec- 


\\  illan>-.St;in1ey  I 'nit  for  .\rc  I.ightiiiK 

trie  i,5C0-kw.  alternator  operating  at  S^  rev.  per  min. 
Both  the  turbine  and  vertical  engine  are  exhibited  by  the 
Hooven-Owens-Rent.schler  Company  of  Hamilton,  Ohio. 
The  Stilwell-Bierce  &  Smith-Vaile  Company  of  Day- 
ton. ()lii<),  furnished  two  condensers  with  pumps;  one 
for  the  turbine,  designed  to  maintain  a  vacuum  of  28 
inches,  and  the  other,  for  vertical  engine,  to  carry  a 
vacuum  of  26  inches. 

In  connection  with  the  arc  lighting  system  there  is  a 
comj)lete  installation  consisting  of  boilers,  engines,  con- 
denser and  pmnps  from  the  Societe  .-Knonyme  des  Etab- 
lisscments  Delaunay  P>elle\ille,  of  Paris,  with  a  generator 


-p^  T  h  c   S  t .    L  o  11  { s 

from  the  Societe  I'Eclairage  Electrique,  also  of  Paris;  a 
complete  installation  of  engine,  condenser,  pumps  and 
generator  from  the  Societe  Alsacienne  de  Construction 
Mecaniques,  of  Mulhouse,  Germany,  and  Belfort,  France; 
also  a  complete  engine  installation  made  hy  the  engineer- 
ing firm  of  C.  H.  Bradley  Jr.  &  Co..  of  Pittsburg,  'ilie 
Belleville  exhibit  consists  of  three  marine  type  boilers  of 
500  h.p.  each,  a  1,500-h.p.  engine,  a  condensor  com- 
plete with  pumps,  and  a  i,ooo-kw.,  2,400-volt,  three- 
phase,  50-cycle  alternator.  The  ^Nlulhouse  engine  is  of 
the  horizontal  tandem-compound  type,  with  cylinders 
600  mm.  and  1. 100  mm.  in  diameter  and  stroke  1.300  mm., 
developing  i.ooo  h.p.  at  94  rev.  per  min.  The  generator 
from  the  Belfort  branch  of  the  same  company  is  of  700 
kw.  capacit)%  and  delivers  a  2,300-volt,  three-phase.  50- 
cycle  current. 

The  Bradley  installation  consists  of  a  i.ooo-h.p. 
Willans  central  valve  engine,  direct  connected  to  a  Stan- 
ley 600-kw.,  three-phase.  6o-cycIe,  2,300-volt  alternator; 
a  50-h.p.  Willans  engine  direct  connected  to  a  Northern 
Electric  30-kw.,  iio-volt,  direct-current  generator;  a 
Worthington  surface  condenser  with  Worthington  cir- 
culating pump  driven  by  a  Northern  Electric  25-h.p. 
motor,  and  a  Blake  twin  air  pump. 

The  General  Electric  Company  is  exhibiting  a  2,000- 
kw.  Curtis  turbo  set  complete,  the  condenser  and  pumps 
])eing  supplied  by  H.  R.  Worthington  of  New  York. 
This  turbine  will  operate  at  750  rev.  per  min.  and  has  a 
capacity  for  short  periods  of  100  per  cent,  overload;  the 
current  delivered  will  be  three-phase.  25-cycle,  6,600 
volts. 

Greenwood  &  Batley.  of  Leeds.  England,  are  exhibit- 
ing a  De  Laval  turbine  of  225  h.p..  operating  generators 
nf  150  kw.  capacity,  500-volt.  direct  current.  The  gen- 
erators are  four-pole  type,  two  in  number. 

The  Bufifalo  Forge  Company  is  operating  a  175-h.p. 
horizontal  tandem-compound  engine,  direct  connected  to 
a  Stanley  132-kw..  2.400-volt,  two-phase,  60-cycle  alter- 
nator, for  which  the  Northern  Electrical  ^^lanufacturing 
Company  furnished  the  exciting  set. 


Electrical    Handbook  g^ 

The  Skinner  Engine  Company  furnished  a  200-h.p. 
engine,  direct  connected  to  a  Warren  i50-k\v..  2,300- 
volt,  single-phase,  6o-cycle  alternator,  the  Wagner  Elec- 
tric Manufacturing  Company  providing  the  exciting  set. 
The  American  Engine  Company  has  a  200-h.p.  engine, 
direct  connected  to  a  i25-k\v.,  iio-volt,  direct-current 
generator  of  its  own  make.  Above  the  power  plant  are 
two  electric  cranes  for  erecting  and  dismantling  the  ma- 
chinery. The  Shaw  Electric  Crane  Company  installed 
a  60-ton  electric  traveling  crane,  and  Pawling  &  Har- 
nischfeger  a  50-ton  electric  traveling  crane,  with  lo-ton 
auxiliary  hoist. 

Ste.\m,  G.\s  .\nd  Fuels  Buildixg 

A  separate  fireproof  building  is  provided  for  the  in- 
stallation of  boilers,  gas  generating  plants,  briquette  ma- 
chinerj'  and  other  apparatus  for  use  in  connection  with 
boilers  and  fuels.  Steam  is  furnished  to  the  contract 
jilant  by  sixteen  Babcock  &  Wilcox  boilers,  set  in  two 
groups  of  eight  units  each.  Each  grou.j)  is  provided  with 
a  short  steel  stack  and  induced  draft  i)roduced  by  twelve- 
bladed  steel  plate  fans  fourteen  feet  in  diameter  and  six 
feet  wide,  two  fans  to  each  stack,  direct  connected  to 
small  horizontal  Buffalo  Forge  Company  engines.  The 
plant  has  its  own  boiler-feed  pumps,  which  take  the 
water  fmm  the  city  mains  through  a  large  Cochrane 
()])en  heater  and  senfl  it  tn  tlu-  boilers.  The  Babcock  & 
Wilcox  boilers  have  a  total  heating  surface  of  5,028 
square  feet,  and  are  served  by  Roney  stokers.  The  me- 
chanical draft  system  is  controlled  by  a  regulating  valve 
which  varies  the  speed  of  the  fan  to  meet  the  fluctuations 
of  pressure. 

There  are  four  cooling  towers,  each  consisting  of  a 
rectangular  brick  stack  52  feet  in  height,  containing  ten 
tiers  of  wooden  gratings,  occupying  20  feet  of  the  height. 
A  space  of  i2'/4  feet  below  the  gratings  provides  for  the 
fans,  and  a  space  of  20  feet  above  the  gratings  conveys 
the  vapor  above  the  roofs  of  the  adjacent  buildings. 
Draft  is  supplied  to  each  tower  by  four  120-inch  Seymour 


■96 


T li  c   St.    L  o  H  is 


fans,  arranged  in  two  ])airs.  each  driven  by  a  single 
shaft.  All  sixteen  fans  are  belted  to  a  jackshaft  with  a 
Neptune  waterproof  belt.  The  jackshaft  is  carried  by 
brackets  attached  to  the  building  wall  and  driven  by  an 
i8  and  20  by  16-inch  Westinghouse  standard  coni])ound 
engine,  the  strain  of  the  main  belt  being  taken  up  by  a 
structural  steel  tower  built  independent  of  the  main  wall. 
Injection  water  for  the  condensers  and  water  for  the 
cooling  towers  is  handled  by  a  battery  of  three  24-inch 
Worthington     turbine     centrifugal     pumps,     one     being 


Constant  Cm  rent  Transformers 

normally  used  for  the  two  condensers  and  one  for  the 
towers,  while  the  third  is  held  in  reserve.  These  pumps 
are  driven  by  18  and  30  by  16-inch  Westinghouse  en- 
gines and  operate  under  a  head  of  43  feet,  including 
suction.  Each  unit  has  a  capacity  of  17,000  gallons  per 
minute.  The  governors  may  be  adjusted  while  the  en- 
gines are  running,  by  means  of  hand-wheels  at  the  ends 
of  the  engine  shafts,  so  that  the  water  circulated  may  be 
proportioned  to  the  load.  The  Exhibitors'  boiler  plant 
has  a  rated  capacity  of  more  than  15,000  Rh.p.,  this 
being  provided  by  a  number  of  different  varieties,  but  all 
of  the  water-tube  type,      ihe  largest  installation  is  that 


Electrical    Ha  ii  d  b  o  o  I: 


97 


made  bj-  the  Aultman  &  Taylor  Machinery  Co.,  which 
furnished  sixteen  horizontal  and  three  vertical  Cahall 
boilers  with  a  total  rating  of  over  8.000  h.p.  The  hori- 
zontal boilers  are  installed  in  batteries  of  two  each  ;  two 
of  these  batteries  are  designed  for  a  steam  pressure  of 
225  pounds  per  square  inch  and  supply  steam  for  the 
operation  of  the  turbines,  the  steam  being  delivered  at 
throttles  with  pressure  of  185  pounds.  The  remaining 
boilers  carry  .steam  at   175  pounds  per  square  inch,  this 


•~  iitmirtiifti 


^ 


600  h.p.  Steam  Turbine 


being    delivered   to   engines   in    Machinery    Hail    at    150 
pounds. 

The  Aultman  &  Taylor  Company  i)rovided  chain- 
grate  stokers  in  connection  with  all  Cahall  boilers.  The 
Heine  Safety  Boiler  Company  has  an  installation  con- 
sisting of  eight  400-h.p.  Heine  boilers,  for  which  the 
Green  Engineering  Company  provided  the  mechanical 
stokers.  'J"he  boilers  provided  by  the  Belleville  Com- 
pany of  Paris,  to  furnish  steam  for  the  Belleville  engine, 
are  three  in  number,  of  the  Belleville  marine  type.  J.  & 
A.  Niclausse,  of  Paris,  are  exhi1)iting  two  of  their  ma- 
rine boilers,  each  of  about  400  h.p.      Tlu'  Buffalo  Forge 


98 


The   St.    Louis 


Company  furnished  a  complete  induced  draft  installation 
for  all  the  last  mentioned  boiler  exhibits. 

The  Clonbrock  Steam  Boiler  Company  provided  two 
Climax  boilers,  marine  type,  one  of  300  and  the  other  of 


Entrance  to  Service  Plant 


250  h.p. ;  the  Dusseldorf-Ratinger-Rohrenkesselfabrik 
(formerly  Durr  &  Co.),  of  Dusseldorf,  Germany,  a  500- 
h.p.  marine  type  boiler;  and  the  Schuette-Kessel-Kon- 
sortium,  of  Geestemuende,  German3%  a  500-h.p.  Conti 
marine  boiler. 


Electrical    Handbook 


99 


loo  The   St.    Lou  is 

ARRANGEMENT  OF  ELECTRICAL  EXHIBFrS  IN 
THE  PALACE  OF  ELEC'iRICITY 

The  exhibits  in  the  Palace  of  Electricity  have  been 
secured  and  arranged  under  the  direction  of  W.  E. 
Goldsborough,  chief  of  the  Electrical  Department. 

The  accompanying  ground  plan  indicates  the  manner 
in  which  the  aisles  and  sections  have  been  laid  out  in 
the  building.  All  the  exhibit  space  is  on  the  ground 
floor,  with  ample  head  room ;  in  fact,  over  the  centre 
sections  the  roof  is  eighty  feet  above  the  floor.  Over 
blocks  I  and  2  is  a  gallery  22  feet  wide  by  250  feet 
in  length,  which  is  divided  and  furnished  as  offices 
for  the  department,  jury,  committee  and  the  Exposi- 
tion Electricity  Club  rooms.  Beneath  the  gallery  are 
the  main  offices  of  the  Postal  and  Western  Union  Tele- 
graph companies,  through  which  the  news  is  sent  from 
the  exposition,  and  also  the  booths  of  the  technical  press. 
High-speed  telegraph  systems  are  shown  in  operation  by 
Patrick  B.  Delany  and  Walter  P.  Phillips,  while  a  trans- 
mitting typewriter  applied  to  telegraph  work  is  exhibited 
by  Charles  E.  Yetman.  The  Gray  telautograph,  or  writ- 
ing telegraph,  reproducing  at  a  distance  drawings  or 
writings,  also  exhibited  here,  is  a  very  ingenious  appli- 
cation of  electricit}'  to  the  transmission  of  intelligence. 

A  fine  collection  of  electrotherapeutic  exhibits  occu- 
pies the  eastern  end  of  block  4.  Near  the  centre  of  this 
block  is  located  the  substation  that  contains  the  trans- 
formers, switchboards  and  rotarj'  converters  through 
which  the  high  potential  alternating  current  is  received 
from  the  service  power  plant  and  transformed  to  a  lower 
voltage  or  converted  into  direct  current  for  distribution 
through  the  building.  This  machinery  was  furnished 
largely  by  the  General  Electric  and  Westinghouse  Elec- 
tric and  Manufacturing  companies.  Adjoining  the  sta- 
tion the  latter  company  has  one  of  the  largest  exhibits  in 
the  building,  embracing  varied  types  of  electrical  machin- 
ery and  apparatus.  Across  aisle  B  are  the  electric  rail- 
way trucks  and  locomotives  of  Burnham,  Williams  &  Co. 
Along  the  north  side  of  block  3  the  Standard  I'ndcr- 


Electrical    Handbook 


lOI 


ground  Cable  Company  and  the  McRoy  Clay  Works  have 
installed  a  model  conduit  system,  such  as  is  used  in  the 
best  city  construction,  showing  the  method  of  placing 
cables  in  conduits.  A  vcr}  conspicuous  object  is  a 
Burdett-Rovvntree  electric  dumb  waiter  running  from  the 
floor  to  the  roof  above  the  block.  Its  operation  is  auto- 
matic, starting  or  stopping  in  response  to  a  push  button. 
Over  blocks  3  to  17,  along  the  west  side  of  the  build- 
ing, is  the  craneway  with  a  span  of  57  feet  sVi  inches. 


Turbo-tienerator  Rotor 

Upon  this  is  a  four-motor,  30-ton  electric  traveling  crane, 
furnished  by  Pawling  &  Harnischfeger.  A  20-h.p., 
220-volt  motor  gives  a  horizontal  speed  of  250  feet  per 
minute;  an  8-h.p.  motor  gives  a  trolley  transverse  speed 
of  150  feet.  The  main  hoist  is  equipped  with  a  30-h.p. 
motor  with  a  speed  of  25  feet,  and  the  auxiliary  hoist 
with  a  15-h.p.  motor,  and  has  a  travel  of  from  30  to  go 
feet  per  minute.  The  crane  has  pmved  very  serviceable 
in  the  installation  of  exhibits,  and  will  be  used  in  hand- 
ling heavy  machinery  when  exhibits  are  dismantled. 
With  one  exception  the  heavy  exhibits  arc  installed 
under  or  adjf)ining  the  craneway. 

In  the  northwest  quarter  of  the  building  are  several 


J  0.2  T  h  e   S  t .    L  0  u  i  s 

displays  of  electric-railway  equipment.  The  Westing- 
house  single-phase  railway  system  and  the  electric  air- 
brake apparatus  of  the  National  Electric  Company  are 
shown. 

Block  9  is  equally  divided  between  the  Fort  Wayne 
Electric  Works  and  the  Wagner  Electric  Manufacturing 
Company,  both  having  working  exhibits.  The  Fort 
Wayne  display  consists  of  a  line  of  direct-current  ma- 
chiner\'.  transformers,  fan  motors,  wattmeters  and  a 
series  arc-light  system.  The  Wagner  space  contains  a 
variety  of  single-phase  alternating  current  power-motors 
running  under  different  conditions ;  motor-generator  sets 
charging  a  storage  battery,  static  transformers  and  indi- 
cating switchboard  instruments. 

The  remaining  space  adjoining  the  court  is  occupied 
by  the  Bullock  Electric  Company,  and  contains  one  of 
the  notable  machinery  exhibits.  Power  at  6,6oo  volts 
alternating  is  received  and  transformed  to  340  volts  for 
a  rotary  converter  to  supply  500  volts  direct  current  for 
operating  street  railway  apparatus.  Other  motor-gen- 
erators and  balancing  sets  furnish  current  for  the  multi- 
voltage  system,  as  applied  to  speed  control  of  machine 
tools. 

In  section  14  the  Northern  Electrical  Manufacturing 
Company  has  a  most  complete  demonstration  of  the 
adaptation  of  the  electric  motor  to  many  forms  of  indus- 
trial machines.  In  this  exhibit  the  manufacturing  of 
motor  parts  is  carried  on  to  show  the  convenience  and 
increased  efficiency  of  motor  drive  for  tools. 

All  of  block  17,  under  the  craneway,  is  taken  up  by 
the  Western  Electric  Company.  Near  its  centre  is  a 
large  lOO-kw.  motor-generator  set,  which,  with  a  com- 
pensator, furnishes  no  and  220-volt  direct  current 
throughout  the  exhibit.  There  are  several  direct-con- 
nected marine  sets,  transformers  and  regulating  appa- 
ratus. On  the  opposite  side  is  a  series  alternating  arc 
light  equipment  with  ornamental  lamps  and  stands. 

There  are  two  collective  exhibits,  one  supervised  by 
the  Wesco  Supply  Company  of  St.  Louis,  in  block  8,  and 
another  by  the  Ewing-]\Ierkle  Company  of  St.  Louis  in 


Electrical    Handbook 


103 


block  14.  In  the  former  a  large  Warren  synchronous 
motor  drives  a  Triumph  generator  supplying  power  for 
the  motors  and  apparatus  in  operation.  In  the  second 
exhibit  the  Commercial  Electric  Company  has  a  number 
of  direct-current  motors  of  from  i^  to  35  li.p.,  and  a 
30-k\v.,  three-bearing  generator,  direct  connected  to  a 
gas  engine,  furnishes  power  to  these  items. 

The    western    entrance    embraces    two    large    spaces, 
\\hich  are  occupied  by  iuii(|ue  exhibits.     Morris  &   Palt- 


Historical  Collection  of  Incandescent  Lamps 


ridge  show  stereopticons,  lanterns,  projectors  and  auto- 
matic electric  curtain-hoists  in  operation.  O])posite  is 
the  electroplating  exhibit  of  the  Jlall  Gold  and  Silver 
Plating  Works.  The  different  processes  of  plating  and 
finishing  of  plated  wares  are  shown  in  a  most  attractive 
manner. 

The  Mould  Storage  Battery  and  Gould  Coupler  Com- 
l)anies  h;i\e  a  fine  combination  exhibit  in  section  16, 
which  will  include  motor-generator  sets  and  rotary  trans- 
formers, arranged  so  that  many  ingenious  applications  of 
l)atterics  to  different  lines  of  work  can  be  illustrated. 
An  interesting  item  is  a  motor-(lri\  en  unipolar  dynamo, 


104 


The   St.    L  0  u  is 


charging  two  immense  cells  at  from  3,000  to  5,000  am- 
peres at  about  five  volts. 

The  northern  half  of  block  16  is  devoted  to  the  ar- 
tistic exhibit  of  Japan,  'iliis  electrical  apparatus  was 
designed  and  made  by  Japanese,  most  of  whom  received 
their  education  and  training  in  this  country. 

The  Italian  space,  occupying  block  18,  is  especially 
worthy  of  notice  on  account  of  the  scientific  and  elec- 
trical measuring  instruments  it  contains. 

A  model   central   station   storage  liattery   plant,   in   a 


Edison  Historical  Exhibit 


fire  and  acid-proof  enclosure,  is  shown  by  the  Electric 
Storage  Battery  Company.  A  conspicuous  feature  is  an 
immense  map  of  the  United  States,  showing  the  location 
of  between  1,600  and  1,700  plants  installed  by  this  com- 
pany, the  railway,  lighting,  telephone  and  isolated  instal- 
lations being  indicated  by  dififerent  colored  lamps. 

In  section  19,  three  75-foot  towers  by  the  De  Forest 
Wireless  Telegraph  Company  support  the  antennae  from 
which  wireless  messages  are  sent  and  received  from 
other  stations  in  the  building  and  to  the  large  station  in 
the  Model  City.  Within  the  same  block  is  the  exhibit  of 
the  American  Electric  and  Novelty  Manufacturing  Com- 


Electrical    Hand  b  o  o  k 


^05 


pany,   the   booth    being    conspicuous    from    the    Hghting 
effects  of  600  colored  lamps. 

Two  telephone  operating  exchanges  are  located  in  the 
south  side  of  the  building,  both  enclosed  by  handsome 
booth';.  I'hat  ]iart  of  block  17  not  covered  by  the  crane 
is  occujjied  by  the  exchange  of  the  American  Telephone 


lllltchi^oll  \\  11  ele>>   I'clcljliouc,  Cuiiit   I'alacc  of  I'llectricily 

and  Telegraph  Company.  'I'his  connects  with  the  local 
and  long-distance  lines  of  the  Bell  Company,  so  that 
there  is  direct  communication  from  the  building  to  all 
parts  of  the  grounds  and  city  and  all  points  reached  by 
telephone  lines.  In  block  24,  the  exchange  of  the  Kel- 
logg Switchboard  and  Sui)])ly  Company  gives  a  similar 


io6 


The   St.    Louis 


service  through  its  connection  with  the  Kinloch  sj'stem 
of  St.  Louis.  Recent  developments  in  automatic  and 
semi-automatic  telephone  systems  are  shown  in  a  thor- 
ough manner  by  the  Automatic  Electric  and  the  Faller 
Automatic  Telephone  Exchange  companies,  and  an  in- 
structive historical  collection  of  telephone  apparatus  is 
shown  by  H.  F.  Wasson  in  block  25. 

The  Hutchison  Acoustic  Company  exhibits  the 
"dcousticon"  and  "massacon,"  giving  daily  exhibitions 
of  deaf  mutes  being  made  to  hear  and  taught  to  speak 


10,000  h.p.  Generator  and  Oil  lireak  Switches 

through  their  instrumentality.  M.  R.  Hutchison  also 
demonstrates  a  wonderful  adaptation  of  the  wireless  tele- 
phone. Around  the  court  of  the  Electricity  Building  is 
a  circuit  of  wires  connected  to  a  booth  in  block  21.  Be- 
fore a  telephone  transmitter  in  the  booth  music  will  l)c 
played.  In  the  court  no  sound  of  this  is  heard  until  a 
pocket  telephone  receiver,  without  an}'  wire  connection, 
is  placed  to  the  ear,  and  then  the  music  becomes  audible. 
At  any  point  in  the  court  music  can  be  heard  by  the  aid 
of  the  receiver. 

Two  beautiful  booths  in  block  25  are  those  of  the 
Holophane  Glass  Company  and  the  Weston  Electric  In- 
strument   Company,   the    latter   showing   a   full    line   of 


Electrical    Handbook  lo/ 

standardized  electrical  instruments.  The  brilliant  illu- 
mination of  the  Holophane  exhibit  is  most  conspicuous, 
as  I, GOO  incandescent  lamps  cover  the  exterior  and  inte- 
rior of  the  handsome  structure. 

The  laboratories  of  the  National  Bureau  of  Standards, 
covering  a  space  of  2;^  by  200  feet,  contain  over  $50,000 
worth  of  instruments  for  testing  every  kind  of  electrical 
machine  and  apparatus.  About  twenty  Government  ex- 
perts are  connected  with  the  laboratories  to  conduct  tests 
and  investigations.  No  preceding  exposition  has  ever 
had  such  facilities  for  making  complete  records  or  for 
assisting  the  juries  in  making  their  awards. 

The  largest  individual  exhibit  is  that  of  the  General 
Electric  Company,  embracing  block  28,  and  covering  a. 
quarter  of  an  acre  of  floor  space.  The  great  variety  of- 
electrical  apparatus  manufactured  by  this  company  is 
shown  in  operation.  The  Edison  exhibits  are  in  blocks 
26  and  27,  and  include  the  iron-nickel  storage  battery  and 
a  historical  collection  of  great  merit. 

SPECIAL  EXHIBITS 

The  special  exhibits  showing  the  great  progress  since 
the  Columbian  Exposition  are  chiefly  in  the  Palace  of 
Electricity,  where  they  are  classified  under  five  groups  : 
machines  for  generating  and  using  electricity,  electro- 
chemistry, electric  lighting,  telegraphy  and  telephony 
and  the  various  other  applications  of  electricity.  The 
large  generators,  direct  connected  to  engines,  are  placed 
in  the  Palace  of  Machinery  on  account  of  the  proximity 
to  the  boiler  house.  Among  the  prime  movers  the  Cur- 
tis steam  turbine  with  an  electric  generator  designed  in 
connection  therewith  represents  a  recent  development. 
The  General  Electric  Company  exhibits  a  3,000-h.p. 
turbo-alternator  unit  consisting  of  a  Curtis  steam  tur- 
bine direct  connected  to  an  alternating  current  generator. 
'I'he  condenser  for  the  turbine  is  in  the  base  of  the  ma- 
chine and  thus  the  entire  outfit  occupies  the  smallest  pos- 
sible amount  of  floor  si)acc,  not  more  than  ordinarily 
required   for  a  generator.     In   power  station  e(|uipment 


f()8  The   S  f .    L  o  It  is 


Soo,ooo-Volt  Transformer 


Electrical    H  a  ii  d  h  o  o  h  lop 

the  exhibits  consist  of  very  comprehensive  lines  of 
switchboards,  with  instruments  and  switches  of  types 
which  are  all  of  recent  development.  This  is  especially 
true  of  the  oil  break  switches,  which  will  safely  break  a 
circuit  of  60,000  volts. 

The  distribution  of  power  over  long  distances  is  one 
of  the  most  important  fields  of  usefulness  for  electricity. 
Jo  do  this  economically  very  high  potential  currents  are 
necessary.  While  ten  years  ago  10,000  volts  was  consid- 
ered excessive,  to-day  lines  of  50,000  volts  potential  are 
in  commercial  service.  Even  this  is  not  the  limit,  for 
experiments  arc  still  being  carried  on  and  some  of  the 
most  fruitful  will  doubtless  be  those  at  the  World's  Fair. 

C.  H.  Thordarson  has  in  operation  a  transformer 
which  raises  the  potential  from  120  to  500.000  volts.  It 
has  a  regulator  in  the  primary  circuit  which  gives  a  sec- 
ondary potential  from  zero  to  504,000  volts.  A  series  of 
alternating  current  induction  experiments  are  being 
made  with  60  and  i20-c\'cle  current.  The  transformer 
has  a  maximum  capacity  of  20  kw.  and  is  primarily  in- 
tended for  testing  and  laboratorj'  purposes. 

The  successful  production  of  a  single-phase  alternat- 
ing current  motor  constitutes  one  of  the  most  important 
electrical  developments  of  the  past  two  years.  The  pos- 
sibilities for  the  application  of  electricity  to  broader 
fields  of  railway  service  opened  up  by  this  achievement 
are  not  easily  realized.  The  Westinghouse  exhibit  will 
contain  two  such  motors  mounted  and  in  operation  on  a 
truck,  with  induction  regulators,  a  large  auto  trans- 
former, air  operated  switches,  a  master  controller,  and 
the  usual  air  brake  cciuipment. 

'i'he  single-phase  railway  system,  as  illustrated  in  the 
Westinghouse  exhibit,  is  not  revolutionary,  but  simply 
an  improvement  over  the  old.  I'or  example : — With  an 
existing  direct  current  .system  it  is  possible  to  use  the 
same  generators  and  the  same  line  and  transformers, 
changing  only  the  e(|uipment  of  the  cars.  Moreover, 
cars  e(iuip])ed  with  alternating  current  motors  can  be 
operated  over  districts  in  which  the  cars  are  operated 
with  direct  current  motors. 


no 


The   St.    L  0  H  i  s 


The  mercury  arc  rectifier  is  shown  in  operation.  In 
the  General  Electric  exhibit  it  is  receiving  an  alternating 
current  which  is  converted  into  a  direct  current  driving 
a  714-h.p.  motor. 

One  of  the  features  of  the  lighting  exhibits  is  the 
display  of  Cooper-Hewitt  mercury  vapor  lamps  in  the 
Palace  of  Electricity.  About  two  dozen  tubes  are  used 
for  the  illumination  of  the  Westinghouse  exhibit  service 
plant  and  for  a  special  demonstration  in  the  Westing- 
house  auditorium.     Over  the  auditorium  \\<v]i  is  a  mer- 


\\  c.-.liiiy:liiju>c-rai>uiis  .-^tcaiii  Turbine 

cury  vapor  tube  eight  feet  long ;  and  in  the  Palace  of 
Electricity,  in  the  Westinghouse  exhibit,  is  a  tube  of 
similar  size.  The  Cooper-Hewitt  lamp  is  used  by  the 
Official  Photographic  Company  for  portrait  work  in  its 
booths  on  the  Plaza,  by  the  Official  Pass  photographers 
for  all  pass  portraits  taken  on  the  grounds  and  in  the 
postal  photo  booths  in  the  Tyrolean  Alps.  In  the  West- 
inghouse auditorium  three  exhibitions  are  given  daily  of 
an  interesting  series  of  biograph  and  mutoscope  pictures 
of  scenes  in  and  around  the  Westinghouse  works  in 
Pittsburg,  in  which  are  included  the  first  interior  moving 
pictures   ever  taken.     These   pictures   were  obtained  by 


Electrical    Handbook  iii 

means  of  the  Cooper-Hewitt  lamp  and  are  the  most 
striking  demonstrations  that  have  j'et  been  made  of  the 
lamp's  actinic  efficiency.  By  its  use  it  was  possible  to 
take  pictures  at  a  speed  of  900  a  minute,  or  15  a  second, 
in  the  blackest  forge  rooms  and  foundries. 

It  is  asserted  that  actual  tests  have  shown  this  lamp 
to  be  less  fatiguing  to  the  eyes  than  any  other  artificial 
light ;  that  it  is  the  most  economical  light,  and  that  its 
absoluteh'  even  illumination  makes  it  particularly  pleas- 
ing to  draftsmen,  machinists  and  stenographers,  and  in 
all  places  where  the  question  of  color  does  not  come  into 
consideration.  The  Cooper-Hewitt  lamp  is  simple  in 
construction,  with  no  mechanism  to  get  out  of  order  and 
no  carbons  to  trim  or  replace.  The  lamps  are  shown  on 
exhibition  as  designed  for  use  for  general  illumination, 
photography  and  photo-engraving,  with  simple  printing 
outfits  for  photographers.  In  many  of  the  Pike  shows 
the  lamps  are  used  for  illumination  in  places  where  their 
peculiar  greenish  light  affords  entertainment  and  amuse- 
ment. 

The  General  Electric  Company  also  exhibits  mercury 
vapor  arc  lamps,  which  are  here  shown  for  the  first  time 
in  any  exposition  ;  also  a  new  arc  lamp,  using  magnetite 
instead  of  carbon.  This  lamp  has  a  very  marked  in- 
crease in  efficiency  over  the  carbon  burning  lamps,  and 
is  especially  suitable  for  street  lighting.  It  is  also  worthy 
of  note  that  the  entire  system  of  arc  lighting  used  by  the 
Exposition  has  lx?en  developed  since  the  World's  Fair 
at  Chicago.  This  is  known  as  the  series  alternating 
street  lighting  .system,  using  enclosed  arc  lamps  for 
lighting  the  interior  of  the  buildings,  the  outlying  parts 
of  the  grounds  and  the  Pike. 

The  first  public  exhibition  of  Nernst  lamps  in  any 
considerable  number  was  at  the  Pan-American  Exposi- 
tion in  1901.  To-day  the  new  lamp  is  an  important  fea- 
ture in  the  lighting  of  the  Exposition.  The  most  impor- 
tant installation  of  Nernst  lamps  is  in  the  Fine  Arts 
Building,  where  over  6,000  glowers  are  used.  For  this 
purpose  the  pure  white  light  of  the  Nernst  lamp  has  ef- 
fectively solved  the  problem  of  the  illumination  of  the 


112 


T  h  c    St.    L  o  II I  s 


works  of  art.  The  Westinghousc  exhibits  in  the  Palaces 
of  Electricity,  Machinery  and  Transportation  are  all 
brilliantly  lighted  by  the  Nernst  lamp,  and  special  dem- 
onstrations of  its  strength  are  given  daily  in  the  West- 
inghouse  auditorium  by  comparison  with  incandescent 
light  globes.  The  handsome  Illinois  State  Building  is 
lighted  by  Nernst  lamps  and  the  National  Cash  Register 
Company  uses  them  in  its  various  exhibits. 

The    peculiar    advantages    claimed    for    the    Nernst 
lamps    may    be    summarized    briefly    as    high    efficiency. 


Xernst  and  Cooper-IIewitt  Lamps 

beautiful  quality  and  perfect  distribution  of  light,  absence 
of  shadows  of  the  lamp  itself,  its  steadiness,  and  the  fact 
that  the  glassware  is  removable  for  cleaning,  as  there  is 
no  vacuum.  It  is  but  slightly  affected  in  candle  power 
by  variations  in  the  line  voltage  and  is  free  from  notice- 
able pulsations,  even  on  alternating  circuits  of  low  fre- 
quency. 

The  exhibit  of  the  Cnited  States  Incandescent  Lamp 
Company  is  located  in  the  southwest  corner  of  the  build- 
ing. In  the  space  occupied  by  this  company  can  be  seen 
the  various  steps  and  processes  in  the  manufacture  of  an 
incandescent  lamp,     'i'hese  are  carried  on  in  such  a  man- 


E  I  c  c  t  r  i  col    H  a  ii  d  b  o  o  k 


1^3 


ner  that,  starting  with  tlie  squirting  of  the  filament,  one 
can  see,  by  walking  entirely  around  the  exhibit,  each  step 
in  the  proper  order. 

The  De  Forest  Wireless  Telegraph  Company  has  ex- 
tensive exhibits  in  the  Electricity  and  Government  Build- 
ings, including  a  300-ft.  tower  and  a  250-ft.  mast  for 
sending  commercial  messages  to  Springfield  and  Chicago. 
E.xhibits  are  also  made  by  Marconi  and  Ducretet. 

The  exhibit  of  a  radiophone  transmitting  and  receiv- 
ing station,  made  jointly  by  the  American  Telephone  and 


Westinghouse  Theatre  Lighted  by  Xernst  Lamps 

Telegraph  Company  and  the  General  Electric  Company, 
is  proving  one  of  the  most  attractive  exhibits  in  the  Pal- 
ace of  Electricity.  The  radiophone  is  a  combination  of 
an  arc  light,  reflectors,  and  a  selenium  cell.  By  these 
means  speech  is  transmitted  to  distant  points  without  the 
use  of  wires  or  other  such  intervening  medium,  the  trans- 
lation taking  place  by  a  beam  of  light  furnished  by  the 
arc.  and  projected  in  a  slender  beam  by  a  parabolic  re- 
flector. 

In  the  court  of  the  Electricity  Building  the  Electra 
Water  Purifier  Company  is  exhibiting  the  Kune  process 
of  purifying   water  by  electricity,    for  commercial    pur- 


114 


T  he   St.    L  0  II  i 


poses.  The  electric  purifier  has  a  capacity  of  500  gallons 
of  purified  water  per  hour,  the  power  consumption  being 
15  amperes  at  15  volts. 

On  the  map  of  the  grounds,  between  pages  48-49,  the 

numerals  indicatr   sniiu-  iirincipal  jjoints  of  engineering 


The  Radiophone  I^eceiving  Station 

interest.  No.  i  locates  Festival  Hall,  which  has  the  larg- 
est dome  in  the  world,  144.50  feet  in  diameter;  top  of 
dome  274  feet  above  the  Grand  Basin.  In  the  audito- 
rium of  Festival  Hall  concerts  of  all  descriptions  will  be 
given  during  the  Eposition.  No.  2  shows  the  Cascade 
pumping  station,  which  is  located  under  the  east  cascade 
and    contains    three    2.000-h.p.    induction    motors,    direct 


E  I  c  c  t  r  i  c  a  I    II  a  ii  d  b  o  o  k 


115 


connected  to  centrifugal  pumps,  each  set  having  a  capac- 
ity of  30,000  gal.  a  minute,  working  against  a  head  of  100 
feet.  No.  3  indicates  the  power  plant.  Machinery  Hall, 
which  includes  excellent  examples  of  every  kind  of  prime 
mover  connected  to  generators  of  all  types.  The  largest 
item  is  the  Bullock-Allis-Chalmers  3,500-kw.  engine- 
generator.  The  Steam,  Gas  and  Fuels  Building  is  lo- 
cated by  No.  4.  This  building,  constructed  of  cinder 
concrete,  contains  a  large  installation  of  Babcock  & 
Wilcox  boilers,  in  addition  to  a  large  number  of  other 


The  I'irst  I^lectric  Locomotive 


boilers,  both   foreign  ;uid  domestic,     (las  generating  aj)- 
paratus  is  also  being  exhibited  in  tlu'  west  end. 

No.  3  shows  the  \)v  l'"oresl  wireless  telegraph  ma.st, 
which  forms  a  i)art  of  the  high-i)ower,  long  distance 
transmitting  and  receiving  station  of  the  De  Forest 
Wireless  Telegraph  Companj'.  It  consists  of  a  single 
mast  2CO  feet  high,  with  a  50-foot  outrigger  at  the  top, 
from  which  hang  the  aerial  wires.  The  Ferris  Wheel 
(No.  6)  was  the  mechanical  wonder  of  the  World's  Co- 
lumbian Exposition  of  1H93.  No.  7  locates  the  German 
outdoor  railway  exhibit,  which  consists  of  several  thou- 
sand   feet   of  track,   etpiipped   with   operating,   signaling. 


ii6 


The   St.    L  o  II  i . 


and  block  devices  in  use  on  the  government  railroads  of 
Germany. 

Pennsylvania  locomotive  testing  laboratory  (No.  8) 
is  equipped  for  working  tests  on  locomotives  of  any  size 
or  type.  A  most  comprehensive  series  of  tests  will  be 
made  during  the  Exposition.  The  locomotive  drivers  are 
supported  by  wheels  attached  to  water  brakes,  while  the 


Wireless  Telegraph  Tower 

drawbar  pull  is  measured  by  a  delicate  yet  very  powerful 
dynamometer.  Outdoor  mining  exhibit  (No.  9),  in  the 
gulch  south  of  the  ]\Iines  and  Metallurgy  Building, 
shows  working  mines,  stamp  mills,  concentrators,  etc. 

De  Forest  observation  tower  (No.  10)  is  a  steel  struc- 
ture 300  feet  high.  In  addition  to  being  equipped  with 
a  complete  De  Forest  wireless  telegraph  installation,  it  is 
provided  with  electric  express  elevators,  by  means  of 
which  visitors  can  ascend  to  the  platform  at  the  top,  from 
which  a  view   of  the   Exposition  and   St.   Louis  can  be 


Electrical    Ha  n  d  b  o  o  k  117 

obtained.  No.  11  locates  the  general  offices  of  the  Elec- 
trical Department,  also  offices  of  the  telegraph  companies 
and  technical  press.  The  electric  raihvaj-  test  track  (No. 
12)  is  a  stretch  of  track  located  north  of  the  Transpor- 
tation and  \'aried  Industries  Buildings,  equipped  for 
making  tests  upon  electric  railway  equipment  of  both 
direct  and  alternating  type. 

NEW  APPLICATIONS  OF  ELECTRIC  MOTORS 
ENHIBITED 

The  use  of  electric  motors  for  all  power  purposes  has 
expanded  so  rapidly  that  it  has  been  difficult  even  for 
those  directly  interested  to  keep  in  touch  with  the  latest 
developments.  The  ingenious  application'^  of  motors  to 
tools  and  machinery  resulted  mainly  from  the  efforts  of 
electrical  engineers  and  manufacturers,  and,  until  re- 
cently, this  has  been  done  without  the  co-operation  of 
tool  makers.  Objections  were  raised  to  changing  designs 
and  patterns  so  that  the  motors  might  be  most  advan- 
tageously placed  for  driving  purposes.  Later  with  chain. 
gear  or  direct  connection,  the  driving  power  was  so  in- 
creased that  the  machinery  had  to  be  altered  and 
strengthened,  and  in  this  way  the  motors  have  become 
more  nearly  an  integral  part  of  the  tools.  In  the  Elec- 
tricity Building  the  electrical  manufacturers  are  exhib- 
iting the  most  recent  adaptation  of  their  motors  to  tools 
and  machines.  Wherever  power  is  required,  whether  it 
be  for  a  sewing  machine  or  for  pumps  taking  2,000  h.p., 
the  motors  have  been  perfectly  designed  for  their  work. 
In  fact,  it  might  be  said  the  display  of  electrical  appa- 
ratus is  in  all  parts  of  the  Exposition  ;  for  the  work, 
whether  in  the  exhibit  palaces,  the  mining  gulch,  the 
cascades  or  on  the  Pike,  is  done  by  means  of  electric 
motors.  The  widening  adaptation  of  electric  motors  to 
every  kind  of  tool  developed  such  varying  condi- 
tion.s  that  the  electrical  engineer  had  to  make  the  motor 
a  mo.st  versatile  machine.  Examples  of  machine  tools 
driven  by  electric  motors  may  be  found  in  the  local  shops 
of  any  industrial  centre,  but  a  number  of  new  ideas  in 


/7c 


The   St.    L 


motor  drive  have  been  recently  developed,  and  advan- 
tage has  been  taken  of  the  World's  Fair  to  show  inge- 
nious adaptations  of  motive  power. 

The  line  of  motor-driven  machine  tools  exhibited  by 
James  Clark  Jr.  &  Company  represents  a  new  departure 
in  the  application  of  motors  to  machine  tool  drive.  In- 
stead of  attaching  a  motor  to  a  machine  through  a  com- 
bination of  belts,  gearing  or  speed  boxes,  a  special  va- 
riable  speed   motor   is   embodied   in   the   design    of   the 


De  Forest  Wireless  Telegraph  .\pparatus 


machine  itself.  The  symmetrical  appearance  and  ease 
of  operation  fully  demonstrates  the  advanced  step  in 
machine  tool  design  taken  hy  the  makers  of  these  ma- 
chines. The  location  of  the  driving  motor  on  the  head 
of  a  radial  drill  allows  the  power  to  be  applied  direct  to 
the  spindle  without  loss ;  it  is  simple  and  compact  as  can 
be  made  and  all  parts  needing  attention  are  accessible  for 
examination  and  adjustment.  The  motor  frame  is  cast 
into  the  head  of  the  machine  and  is  directly  geared  to  the 
spindle.  It  has  a  multipolar  field,  iron  clad  armature, 
self-feeding  carbon  brushes  and  self-oiling  bearings.  It 
is  made  with  two  commutators  in  order  to  get  a  wide 


Electrical    H  a  it  d  b  o  o  k  up 

speed  regulation  with  high  efficiency  on  any  speed.  The 
motor  has  nine  speeds,  which,  in  connection  with  the  back 
gears,  give  eighteen  spindle  speeds,  from  14  to  250  rev. 
per  niin.  in  geometrical  progression. 

A  small  electric  breast  drill  is  another  product  of  this 
company.  The  tool  is  designed  for  drilling  many  small 
holes  in  large  pieces,  replacing  hand  or  small  pneumatic 
drills.  Power  can  be  applied  wherever  there  is  an  in- 
candescent lamp  socket.  There  are  two  sizes  wound 
either  for  no  or  220  volt-^,  direct  current.  No.  i  will 
drill  holes  in  iron  up  to  -'s  inch  diameter  and  requires  % 
h.p.  The  drill  weighs  fifteen  pounds.  No.  2  takes  one- 
si.xth  h.p.,  weighs  twenty-two  pounds  and  will  drill  a  hole 
^4  inch  in  diameter.  All  of  these  motor  drills  are  in  full 
operation  in  the  southwest  corner  of  the  Electricity 
Building. 

In  the  past  the  planer  has  been  one  of  the  least  effi- 
cient metal  working  tools.  With  the  belt  drive  only  a 
single  cutting  speed  has  been  provided,  this  speed  in 
general  being  too  low  for  cutting  cast  iron  at  maximum 
efficiency  and  too  high  for  cutting  steel  without  very 
rapid  depreciation  of  the  tool.  With  the  motor  drive  in 
connection  with  clutches,  this  condition  has  been  relieved 
somewhat  by  the  introduction  of  change  gears  between 
the  clutch,  which  imparts  the  cutting  motion,  and  the 
driving  shaft  of  the  planer,  thus  rendering  available  two 
or  three  cutting  speeds.  This  arrangement,  however,  is 
more  or  less  complicated  and  expensive,  requires  consid- 
erable time  for  adjustment  of  the  gears,  and  in  general 
does  not  provide  a  sufficient  range  of  cutting  speeds. 

The  Electric  Controller  and  Supply  Company  has 
developed  a  direct-connected  motor  drive  which  gives  a 
number  of  cutting  speeds,  and  these  are  instantly  avail- 
able by  a  simple  operation  of  the  controller.  By  this 
means  the  cutting  speed  may  be  instantly  and  accurately 
adjusted  for  securing  ma.ximum  cutting  efficiencj'  with 
any  material  which  is  to  be  worked.  The  planer  is  direct 
driven  by  a  variable  speed  motor  without  the  use  of  belts 
or  clutches,  the  motor  being,  wherever  possible,  directly 
coupled  to  the  cross  shaft  of  the  planer.     By  means  of 


120  The   St.    Louis 

a  reversing  switch,  operated  by  dogs  adjustably  mounted 
on  the  platen  of  the  planer,  and  an  automatic  controller, 
the  motion  of  the  driving  motor  is  reversed  at  either  end 
of  the  stroke.  An  operating  controller  is  provided,  by 
means  of  which  the  speed  of  the  motor,  in  the  cutting 
direction,  may  be  accurately  regulated.  The  automatic 
controller  is  so  arranged  that  on  the  cutting  motion,  at 
each  stroke,  the  table  on  the  planer  will  1)e  automatically 
accelerated  to  a  speed  determined  liy  the  operating  con- 
troller, and,  on  the  return,  the  table  will  in  general  be 
accelerated  to  maximum  speed,  as  it  is,  of  course,  desir- 
able that  the  table  be  returned  as  rapidly  as  possible  on 
the  idle  stroke. 

Where  desirable,  however,  as  in  the  case  of  planers 
which  cut  in  both  directions,  the  controller  may  be  so  ar- 
ranged that  the  speed  in  either  direction  may  be  varied 
at  will.  The  operation  of  the  controller  is  such  that  the 
driving  motor  will  reverse  and  accelerate  the  platen  of 
the  planer  just  as  rapidly  as  is  consistent  with  the  power 
of  the  motor.  The  maximum  current  which  can  flow  to 
the  motor  is  absolutely  limited,  so  that  there  is  no  spark- 
ing or  undue  mechanical  straining  at  the  instant  of  re- 
versal. The  platen  may  be  reversed  by  hand  through  the 
operation  of  a  shifter  attached  to  the  reversing  switch. 
When  the  shifter  is  brought  to  the  central  position,  the 
platen  is  instantly  stopped.  The  operating  controller  is 
provided  with  a  notched  dial  which  plainly  shows  the 
cutting  speed,  and  the  automatic  controller  requires  no 
attention  whatever  from  the  operator. 

In  the  exhibit  space  of  the  Electric  Controller  and 
Supply  Company  a  Pond  planer  is  driven  by  a  West- 
inghouse  motor,  and  shows  the  operation  of  cutting  iron 
and  steel  surfaces. 

The  ever-increasing  magnitude  of  the  power  plants, 
now  being  constructed,  requires  steam"  and  water  valves 
of  large  proportions,  too  big  to  be  operated  conveniently 
by  hand.  Hydraulic,  pneumatic  and  steam-operated 
valves  have  by  experience  been  proven  unsatisfactory  for 
all  purposes  and  pressures,  but  with  the  steadily  increas- 
ing application  of  electricity  to  all  kinds  of  machinery,  a 


Electrical    Handbook  121 

large  demand  has  arisen  for  valves  to  be  operated  by 
electric  motors. 

The  merits  of  the  electric  motor  as  a  means  of  sup- 
plying power  for  a  multitude  of  purposes  have  led  the 
Chapman  Valve  Manufacturing  Company  to  adopt  this 
method  of  operating  valves  and  sluice-gates.  This  de- 
velopment practically  solves  the  problem  of  the  rapid 
handling  of  large  gate-valves,  under  ordinary  conditions 
and  especially  in  cases  of  emergency. 

In  the  designing  of  such  apparatus,  the  conditions 
governing  the  application  of  the  electric  motor  to  the 
valves  were  found  to  differ  entirely  from  the  application 
to  all  other  machinery,  inasmuch  as  the  travel  is,  of 
course,  limited  to  the  size  of  the  valve  opening.  The 
problem  presented  was  overcome  by  the  use  of  a  motor 
especially  adapted  for  the  purpose  and  a  lost  motion 
device  enabling  it  to  attain  practically  a  run-away  speed, 
as  it  is  series  wound.  Valves  of  this  class  are  especially 
suited  for  water,  steam  and  oil  lines,  and  for  low  pres- 
sure work,  such  as  exhaust  and  condenser  piping,  pump- 
suctions  and  discharge  sewerage,  and  irrigation  systems. 
They  are  also  extensively  used  on  the  receiver  piping  of 
compound  and  triple-expansion  engines,  and  are  rapidly 
coming  into  use  as  throttle  valves  on  steam  turbine  units. 
If  emergency  closing  or  opening  is  desired  it  is  only  nec- 
essary to  push  any  one  of  the  numerous  buttons,  located 
at  different  points.  The  valve  will  close,  and  automatic- 
ally cut  off  the  current.  This  apparatus  may  be  seen  in 
operation  at  the  General  Electric  Company's  exhibit. 
Space  28,  Palace  of  Electricity. 

The  single-phase  motors  of  the  Wagner  Electric 
Company  are  filling  a  field  which  has  been  hitherto  un- 
occupied, for  they  can  be  used  in  places  where  a  supply 
of  either  single  or  polyphase  current  is  available.  This 
motor  is  applicable  except  where  frequent  starting  and 
stopping  or  where  wide  speed  variation  is  desired.  It  is 
of  the  induction  type  and  can  be  operated  upon  a  single- 
phase  alternating  current  circuit,  or  upon  one  phase  of  a 
polypliase  circuit.  A  single  pair  of  wires  furnishes  power 
to  this  motor,  and  if  the  voltage  is  to  be  reduced  but  one 


122  The    St.    Louis 

transformer  is  used.  No  starting  box  or  any  other  aux- 
iliary device  is  required.  The  attendant  simply  closes 
the  main  line  switch,  and  the  motor  takes  care  of  itself. 
This  one  feature  alone  is  of  great  convenience,  as  the 
switch  may  be  located  at  any  desired  point,  however  dis- 
tant from  the  motor,  and  the  same  satisfactory  starting 
results  be  secured.  For  hydraulic  work,  the  circuit  may 
be  opened  and  closed  by  an  automatic  float  or  pressure 
switch.  While  running  up  to  speed,  the  armature  con- 
nections are  such  as  to  place  the  commutator  in  service, 
it  being  short-circuited  through  the  brushes  bearing  upon 
it.  On  attaining  full  speed,  the  automatic  governor 
comes  into  play,  short-circuiting  every  commutator  bar 
and  simultaneously  lifting  off  the  carbon  brushes.  When 
it  is  very  essential  to  hold  down  the  starting  current,  an 
ordinary  rheostat  may  be  used  to  cut  down  the  pressure 
at  starting.  It  is  possible  for  these  motors  to  be  wound 
to  provide  any  degree  of  starting  torque  necessary. 
Where  the  conditions  of  starting  are  particularly  severe, 
calling  for  as  much  as  50  to  75  per  cent,  in  excess  of  full 
load  torque,  such  torque  can  be  provided  by  special 
winding  without  affecting  the  full  load  running  efficiency 
of  the  motor.  The  motors  are  being  used  very  success- 
fully for  pumping  w'ork.  linotype  machines,  constant 
speed  shop  drive,  blowers,  church  organs,  and  like  serv- 
ice. Among  other  applications  shown  in  the  Electricity 
Building  is  one  with  the  motor  geared  to  a  triplex  pump 
with  water  tank  and  a  float  for  automatically  starting  and 
stopping. 

FOREIGN  ELECTRICAL  EXHIBITS 
Argentine 
This  country  has  a  small  exhibit  in  the  Electricity 
Building.  This  exhibit  includes  telegraph  instruments, 
carbon  and  lightning-arresters ;  there  are  also  maps  and 
diagrams  showing  the  development  of  the  telephone 
and  telegraph  systems. 

Belgium 
In   the   Belgium   national   pavilion   are   some  very 


Electrical    Ha  n  d  b  a  o  k  12^ 

artistic  electroliers,  storage-batteries,  telephone  and 
telegraph  apparatus,  and  many  photographs  of  elec- 
trical works  in  that  industrial  country. 

Brazil 

Brazil's  exhibit  is  devoted  largely  to  the  telegraph 
and  fire-alarm  systems  used  by  the  Brazilian  govern- 
ment. Insulators,  and  telegraph  and  telephone  ap- 
])aratus  are  also  exhibited. 

Can.\da 

The  Ontario  Power  Co.  of  Niagara  Falls  has  a 
[mn  model  of  the  great  electrohydraulic  plant  uciw 
building  on  the  Canadian  side  of  the  falls. 

DeNiMAKK 

The  principal  exhibit  from  Denmark  consists  of 
primary  batteries.  An  extensive  display  will  be 
made  by  Hellesens  ICnke  &  V.  Ludvigsen  of  Copen- 
hagen. 

France 

France  occupies  an  area  of  approximately-  25,000 
square  feet,  just  east  of  the  main  entrance  to  the 
Palace  of  Flectricity.  this  being  the  largest  section 
allotted   to  a  foreign   country. 

In  response  to  the  request  for  representative  ma- 
chines for  use  in  the  Exhibitors'  Power  Plant,  France 
contributes  two  generating  sets,  second  in  size  onlj- 
to  the  Allis-Chalmers-Bullock  3,500-kw.  unit.  These 
two  machines  are  the  finest  types  of  two  widely- 
different  classes  of  luiropean  jiractice.  one  being  a 
low  speed  horizontal  set  somewhat  similar  to  .Ameri- 
can machines  of  this  size,  while  the  high-speed  ver- 
tical machine  is  an  excellent  sample  of  a  type  re- 
cently developed  abrf>ad.  but  as  yet  unknown  in 
large  sizes  in  this  country. 

The  fornur.  l)uiU  by  the  Societe  Alsacienne  de 
Constructions  Mecani<iues,  con.;ists  of  a  3-phase  al- 
ternator, constructed  at  the  shops  in  Belfort.  France; 
this  machine  is  direct  connected  tf>  a  horizontal  tan- 


124 


T  h  c   S  t .    L  o  11  is 


deni  engine,  1)uilt  at  tlie  Mulhcnisc  shops  (Alsace)  of 
the  same  company.  This  engine  is  rated  1,000  h.p. 
at  94  rev.  per  min.  The  steam  pressure  is  150  lb.  per 
square  inch.  The  generator  is  of  the  fly-wheel 
revolving-field  type,  generating  3-phase  current  at 
2,300  volts,  50  cycles. 

The  second  set  has  been  contributed  by  tlie  So- 
ciete  Delatmaj'-Helleville  and  the  Societe  I'Eclairage 
IClectrique,  of  which  the  former  are  the  engine  build- 
ers, the  latter  constructing  the  generator.  The  en- 
gine   is    a    triple-expansion    vertical    high-speed    ma- 


General  Electric  Exhibit 

chine,  rated  at  1,500-h.p.,  normal  speed  330  rev.  per 
min.,  and  taking  steam  at  the  comparatively  high 
pressure  of  250  pounds  per  square  inch.  A  charac- 
teristic feature  of  the  engine  is  the  system  of  forc- 
ing oil  circulation  through  the  shaft  and  bearings  by 
means  of  a  geared  pump. 

In  addition  to  its  exhibit  in  the  power-plant  the 
Societe  Alsacienne  de  Constructions  Mecaniques 
shows  different  types  of  machines  of  different  sizes  in 
the  Palace  of  Electricity,  among  which  the  most 
noticeable,  perhaps,  is  a  type  of  multiple-speed  alter- 
nating-current motor.     The  patents  for  this  machine 


E  I  c  c  t  r  i  c  a  I    H  a  n  </  h  o  o  k  12  j 

are  owned  by  this  comiiany.  An  alternating-current 
booster  and  other  machines  for  special  purposes  are 
shown. 

The  Societe  Gramme,  which  has  stood  preemi- 
nent among  the  electrical  manufacturers  since  the 
very  earliest  days  in  history,  makes  one  of  the  most 
interesting  and  valuable  exhibits.  This  company  is 
now  building  the  most  modern  types  of  generators. 
As  a  special  feature  of  its  historical  exhibit,  this 
company  shows  the  first  dynamo  built  in  Europe  by 
Zenobc  Gramme,  in  1869.  The  evidution  of  the  gen- 
erator from  this  first  crude  machine  to  the  latest 
types  is  also  shown  by  a  carefully-arranged  series. 
The  exhibit  includes  several  of  the  companj^'s  latest 
multi-speed  direct-current  motors,  as  well  as  a  new 
and  improved  magneto,  designed  for  automobile  use. 

Electric  cables  and  wires  are  exhibited  by  the 
Cie  des  Trefileries  du  Havre,  Francois  &  Grellon, 
Societe  des  Telephones,  Geoffroy  &  Delore,  as  well 
as  Gramont  and  the  Societe  Francaise  des  Cables 
Elect  Berthoud  Borel,  which  manufactures  the  so- 
called  peripheral  cables. 

Special  carbons  for  dynamo  brushes,  batteries, 
microphones,  etc.,  are  exhibited  by  J.  .\.  Berne:  the 
Conipagnie  Francaise  de  Charbons  pour  1" Elect ricite. 
which  also  makes  a  fine  display  of  carbons  for  light- 
ing purposes. 

Dynamo  brushes  and  brush-holder  mechanisms 
are  exhibited  by  Mr.  Bourdreaux,  who  w-ill  also  show 
a  patented  safety-nut  which  is  meeting  with  great 
success  in  electrical  and  mechanical  construction 
abroad. 

The  Dolter  system  of  surface  contact  for  electric 
railways  is  exhibited,  contact-pieces  being  shtnvn  as- 
sembled and  in  sections.  A  sample  model  illustrates 
the  working  of  this  ingenious  system.  Among  the 
new  and  genuine  inventions  shown  should  be  men- 
tioned an  ingenious  fuse,  which  is  renewed  by  press- 
ing   a    button.     This   has   been    tested    under    adverse 


126 


The   St.    L  o  II  i  s 


circumstances  with  satisfactory  results.  A  new  form 
of  permanent   wire  connector  is  also  shown. 

The  electrochemical  display  consists  largely  of 
primary  and  secondary  batteries.  Several  new 
French  types  of  the  latter  deserve  the  attention  of 
engineers.  Provision  will  be  made  for  tests  on  these 
batteries.  At  least  two  are  shown  for  which  very 
broad  claims  are  made. 

The  arc-lamp  section  includes  standard  devices 
and    novelties.      Among    these    the    most    recent    and 


California  State  Building 

interesting  creation  is  the  Blondel  tlame  lamp,  whicli 
is  meeting  with  great  success  in  France.  The  excel- 
lent regulation  obtained  from  the  regular  commercial 
types  exhibited  by  Bardon,  Vigreux  &  Brillie  and 
others  may  be  somewhat  of  a  revelation  to  those  un- 
accustomed to  the  niceties  of  the  regulation  which 
prevails  in  French  arc  lighting. 

The  most  effective  demonstration  of  French  taste 
in  artistic  lighting  is  offered  by  the  magnificent  dis- 
play of  bronzes  and  brasses  shown  by  Milde,  Guinier 
&    Boulanger,    who    are    famed    the    world    over    for 


Electrical    Handbook  i2'j 

artistic  electroliers  and  fixtures.  A  striking  and 
spectacular  display  is  made  by  Paz  &  Silva,  the  well- 
known  pioneers  in  the  line  of  signs  and  other  meth- 
ods of  decorative  lighting.  Weissmann  has  recently 
brought  out  the  so-called  "electric  pearl"  system  of 
lighting,  which  is  very  artistic. 

It  is  to  be  regretted  that  no  projectors  arc  ex- 
hibited. However,  drawings  and  photographs  of  tin: 
best  works  of  Henry  Lepaute  make  an  attractive  ex- 
hibit; he  also  shows  a  line  of  electric  clocks.  The 
Compagnie  Generale  de  Electricite,  one  of  the  largest 
manufacturers  of  French  incandescent  lamps  and 
electric  supplies  of  all  kinds,  insulators,  etc.,  make;- 
a  ciimplete  and  interesting  display.  Another  well- 
known  exhibitor  of  suppilies,  possessing  equal  a'- 
tractiveness,  is  the  Appareillage  Grivolas. 

Parville  and  the  Societe  de  Folembray  exhibit  in- 
sulators for  both  high  and  low-pressure,  telephone 
and  telegraph  work.  The  French  government,  whicli 
controls  the  telephone  and  telegraph  system  of 
France,  makes  a  display  of  the  apparatus  in  common 
use,  among  which  the  Baudot  and  Picard  are  well 
known  types.  A  number  of  others  which  have  been 
officially  adopted  by  the  French  government,  w'll 
demonstrate  the  excellent  qualities  of  the  French  ap- 
paratus. A.  Darras,  who  also  manufactures  ap- 
paratus for  the  government,  exhibits  telephone  ap- 
paratus and  several  relays  for  special  purposes,  while 
the  Societe  Indie  des  Telephones,  which  supplies 
nearly  90  per  cent,  of  the  telephones  used  in  France, 
exhibits  a  quantity  of  its  apparatus. 

The  Ducretet  physical  electrical  apparatus  and 
space-telegraph  sets  will  attract  considerable  atten- 
tion, especially  as  the  list  will  be  in  working  order. 

I'rance  will  ai)pear  at  licr  best  in  the  scctiou 
wliicli  inchides  electrical  measuring  instruments,  as 
tile  i)r<)ductions  of  Depres  d'Arsonval  and  Carpen- 
tier  &  Richard  are  of  world-wide  reputation.  The 
Richard  exhibit  is  especially  broad-guage.  as  measur- 
ing apparatus  'A  all  classes  demonstrative  of  his  in- 


1 21 


The   St.    L 


O  II  I  s 


ventive  genius  will  he  shown.  Chanvin,  Arnoux, 
Rene  are  equally  w^ell-known  manufacturers  of  port- 
ahle  instruments,  indicating  such  high  quality  that 
the}'  may  be  seen  in  a  number  of  installations  in  this 
country.  The  French  exhibit  would  not  be  com- 
plete without  the  Blondel  oscillograph;  one  of  these 
direct  from  the  laboratory  of  Blondel  will  be  shown 
in  use  in  his  exhibit. 


Pennsylvania  State  Building 


The  Sartiaux  Mors  signalling  system,  now  in  use 
on  the  Northern  Railway  of  France,  together  with 
the  Rochefort  system  of  telegraphy,  will  be  exhibited 
by  the  Societe  Mors.  A  special  type  of  transformer 
for  high-pressure,  high-frecjuency  work,  together 
with  wireless  apparatus,  will  be  shown  by  the  same 
Rochefort,  who  has  brought  out  some  interesting 
types  of  apparatus.  Mr.  Ancel  will  exhibit  systems 
of  space  telegraphy  and  telephony,  and  will  also 
show  striking  applications  of  radium.  All  together, 
there  will  be  nearly  lOO  exhibitors  in  the  French 
section. 


Electrical    Handbook  i^p 

Germany 

The  section  allotted  to  German}^  has  been  largelj^ 
devoted  to  electrochemistry.  An  exhibit  has  been 
developed  with  characteristic  attention  to  detail  that 
shows  the  progress  which  German  chemistry  and 
electrochemistry  have  made  in  the  last  150  years. 
The  arrangement  of  the  exhibit  is  made  with  a  view 
to  comparison,  for  in  walking  from  one  end  to  the 
other  one  can  trace  the  development  of  one  of  the 
most  important  sciences,  which  has,  since  the  era 
oi  electrical  research,  passed  from  the  laboratory 
stage  to  a  commercial  basis.  To-day  the  field  of 
electrochemistry  is  one  of  the  most  important  from 
the  commercial  viewpoint  as  well  as  from  that  of 
the  scientist  and  electrician. 

A  fact  worthy  of  note  is  that  the  exhibit  contains 
nothing  but  purely  German  inventions  and  products. 
This  portion  of  the  exhibit  was  made  without  any 
idea  of  commercial  gain,  but  simply  from  an  educa- 
tional  and  scientific  standpoint. 

Entering  the  German  pavilion  from  the  south,  one 
finds  at  his  right  the  laboratory  of  an  alchemist  of 
the  fifteenth  century.  This  laboratory  is  equipped 
with  relics  loaned  by  the  "Germanischcn  IMuseiim," 
in  Nuremberg,  Germany.  In  tlie  next  room  the 
development  of  inorganic  chemistry  begins.  The 
most  important  exhibits  are  by  Professor  Hempel 
of  the  Technical  High  School  of  Dresden  and  Pro- 
fessor Bunte  of  Carlsruhe,  who  show  some  very 
fine  apparatus  for  analyses  of  gases.  The  Royal 
Prussian  Porcelain  Works  of  Berlin  contributes  a 
very  fine  collection  of  ap])aratus  for  chemical  !al)()ra- 
tories,  electrochemical  purposes,  and  the  electrical 
industries.  In  the  same  section  are  shown  the  sample 
apparatus  of  Schott-Genossen,  Jena. 

There  are  also  installed  some  work  benches  for 
qualitative  and  (|uantitative  analyses,  put  up  accord- 
ing to  the  specifications  of  the  First  Chemical  Insti- 
tute in  Berlin.  On  one  of  these  tables,  which  is  nine 
feet   long,   is  shown  the  develo])ment    of  apjiaratus    for 


/?0 


The    St.    L  o  II  i  s 


measuring  the  density  of  vapors,  according  t(j  Pro- 
fessor Viktor  Meyer,  who  shows  original  apparatus 
of  high  value.  Another  table  shows  a  series  of  ap- 
paratus for  ineasuring  molecular  weights. 

In  the  section  for  pyrochcmistry  a  very  interest- 
ing collectiiin  of  chemical  apparatus  is  shown,  which 
are  made  from  platinum  and  quartz;  these  are  the 
first  appliances  ever  made  out  of  quartz. 

A  section  which  will  interest  every  electrical  en- 
gineer contains  the  apparatus  for  the  demonstration 


New  York  State  Building 

of  the  welding  process  of  Theodore  Goldschmidt  of 
Essen.  Schmidt  &  Haensch  of  Berlin  exhibit  a  col- 
lection of  apparatus  for  spectral  analyses.  There  are 
also  shown  some  original  compositions  leading  to 
the  discovery  of  germanium  made  by  Clemens 
Winkel. 

There  follows  a  section  of  apparatus  for  the  in- 
vestigation of  steel  and  iron,  and  a  dark  room  for 
demonstrating  the  properties  of  radioactive  sub- 
stances. 

Siemens  &  Halske  exhibit  modern  apparatus  for 
the    manufacture    of    ozone    by    electricity.     As    th.is 


Electrical    Handbook  i^i 

application  of  electricity  is  one  of  the  very  latest, 
it  will  be  of  great  interest  to  see  the  results  which 
have  been  attained  by  this  prominent  German  firm. 

On  the  right  side  of  the  entrance,  just  opposite 
the  laboratory  of  the  alchmist,  is  shown  a  reproduc- 
tion of  the  laboratory  of  the  well-known  chemist. 
Professor  Liebig,  for  analj'tical  chemistrj^  as  he  used 
it  in  1835  at  the  University  of  Giessen.  In  viewing 
this  laboratory  the  visitor  is  struck  by  the  simplicity 
of  the  equipment;  it  is  astonishing  how  this  man 
could  accomplish  things  of  such  great  scientific  value 
with  such  a  primitively-equipped  laboratory. 

Hugo  Bremer  of  Neheim  exhibits  his  new  sys- 
tem of  arc-lamps — the  so-called  Bremer  lamps — the 
patents  of  which  have  been  acquired  by  the  West- 
inghouse  Electric  &  Mfg.  Company,  Pittsburg.  In 
these  lamps  a  special  kind  of  carbon  is  used.  These 
carbons  are  impregnated  with  chemicals,  ]ia\ing  the 
effect  of  increasing  very  largely  the  amount  of  light 
produced  b}-  these  lamps.  The  lamps  are  much 
more  efficient  than  the  ordinary  arc-lamp,  the  current 
consumed  being  about  50  per  cent.  less.  Thi^  light 
has  also  a  peculiar  color,  which  is  more  agreeable 
to  the  eye  than  the  white-blue  light  of  the  enclosed 
arc-lamps.  Mr.  Bremer  has  built  up  a  new  system 
of  arc-lamps,  which  have  given  very  satisfactory 
service   in   Europe. 

Great  Britain 

With  the  exception  of  dynamo  clectric' machinery, 
the  British  exhibit  consists  of  apparatus  used  in  al- 
most every  branch  of  the  industry,  exhibited  by 
varifuis  makers  to  illustrate  in  a  measure  the  ad- 
vance made  in  recent  years  in  testing,  measuring, 
calibrating,  and  recording  electric  ])lienoinena  both 
in  the  laboratory  and  in  actual  work. 

The  space  allotted  to  Great  Britain,  comprising 
seven  thousand  square  feet,  to  the  right  of  the  main 
entrance  of  the  Palace  of  Electricity,  is  fronted  by 
imposing   and    dignified    facjades.     Nearly   all   of   the 


1^2  T  h  c   St.    L  o  II  i  s 

instruments  exhibited  have  been  tested  at  and  have 
received  certificates  from  the  National  Physical  Lab- 
oratory and  the  laboratories  of  Lord  Kelvin  and  Dr. 
Muirhead,  tlie  latter  dealing  especially  with  sub- 
marine-telegraph instruments.  The  General  Post 
Office  exhibits  a  set  of  instruments  illustrating  the 
progress  made  in  the  transmission  of  telegraphic 
messages  from  1883  to  the  present  time. 

An  interesting  working  exhibit  is  a  model  of  F.  B. 
Behr's  mono-railway,  a  high-speed  car  authorized  by 
act  of  Parliament  for  the  railway  between  Manches- 
ter and  Liverpool,  a  distance  of  70  miles.  This  car 
is  designed  to  run  at  a  speed  of  no  miles  an  hour; 
the  entire  distance  will  be  covered  without  a  stop; 
the  road  is  practically  straight,  the  sharpest  curves 
having  a  radius  of  1,500  feet. 

The  Consolidated  Electrical  Company  makes  a 
fine  display  of  switchboard  apparatus.  Messrs. 
Sherard  and  Cowper-Coles  exhibit  samples  of  elec- 
trochemically  made  reflectors  and  copper  tubes,  and 
also  samples  of  electroplating.  Various  lamps, 
X-ray  and  high-frequency  apparatus,  will  be  ex- 
hibited by  A.  C.  Cossor,  while  Muirhead  &  Co.  show 
an  extensive  line  of  submarine  telegraph  apparatus 
with  the  latest  Kelvin  syphon  recorders.  The  Cam- 
bridge Scientific  Instrument  Company  has  a  repre- 
sentative exhibit  consisting  of  oscillographs,  and  va- 
rious electric  recorders  for  laboratory  use.  Poten- 
tiometer sets,  accurate  to  a  remarkable  degree,  are 
exhibited  by  R.  C.  Crompton  &  Co.  Elliott  Brothers 
have  a  line  exhibit  of  switchboard  instruments  of  all 
kinds  and  types,  while  Nalder  Brothers  and  Everett 
&  Edgecumb  also  exhibit  on  the  same  line.  The 
India  Rubber  and  Gutta  Percha  Company,  whicli  is 
known  all  over  the  world  for  its  cable  work,  is  show- 
ing an  e.xtensive  collection.  This  company  has  sup- 
plied cables  for  various  American  and  other  cable 
companies.  Mr.  Darton  exhibits  a  lo-in.  induction 
coil,  one  of  the  finest  instruments  of  its  kind  shown 
in  the  Electricity  Building.     Lord  Kelvin  and  James 


Electrical    Ha  it  d  b  o  a  k  jj  ? 

White,  whose  reputation  is  world-wide,  exhibit  a 
typical  line,  wdiich  covers  all  of  the  linest  instruments 
they  manufacture.  Nalder  Brothers  and  P.  Paul  are 
showing  some  extremel}^  accurate  testing  and  labora- 
tory instruments,  while  the  Synchronome  Company 
has  a  full  line  of  its  electricallj'-operated  clocks. 

Italy 

A  notable  part  of  the  Italian  exhibit  is  a  historical 
collection  of  the  early  apparatus  made  by  Volta,  Pa- 
cinotti.  Belli,  and  Farraris.  The  indicating,  record- 
ing, and  integrating  instruments  made  by  Olivetti 
&  Co.  of  Milan  are  perhaps,  the  best  of  this  kind. 
Wires  and  cables  exhibited  bj-  Pirelli  of  Milan,  car- 
bons by  the  Societa  Italiana  deU'Flectrocarbonium, 
of  Rome.  occup3'  the  remainder  of  the  space.  Photo- 
graphs and  diagrams  of  typical  central  stations  and 
electric  installations  illustrate  the  progress  made  by 
electricity'  in  Itah'. 

Japan 

While  Jajjan  has  been  represented  at  previous  ex- 
l)ositions  in  the  Department  of  Electricity,  the  St. 
Louis  Exposition  is  the  first  one  in  which  it  has 
shown  electrical  machinery  of  Japanese  design  and 
construction.  Its  exhibit,  located  in  the  southwest 
corner  of  the  Palace  of  Electricity,  contains  several 
articles  quite  advanced  in  design  and  w'orkmanship. 

Probably  the  greatest  interest  will  be  attracted 
by  the  150,000-volt  testing  transformer,  designed  by 
Mr.  lijima  and  built  at  the  Shibaura  Engineering 
Works  in  Tokio.  This  same  company  will  also  ex- 
hibit a  direct-current  generator.  While  this  is  not 
of  large  size,  still  it  shows  that  the  Japanese  are 
actually  and  successfully  taking  up  the  building  of 
generators  and  similar  classes  of  machinery. 

The  largest  exhibitor  is  the  Oki  Company  of 
Tokio,  its  exhibit  including  a  Morse  ink  writer,  a 
double-current  key,  several  Tervi!  telei)hone  trans- 
mitters, a  transmitter  designed  by   Iwata,  desk   tele- 


134 


T  li  c   St.    Louis 


On  the  Lagoon 


Electrical    Handbook  755 

phones,  self-restoring  annunciators,  and  switch- 
boards. This  company  also  makes  cables  for  vari- 
ous uses,  and  wires  for  use  in  telephone  work.  It 
will  show  single-  and  double-core  telephone  cables, 
three-  and  five-core  cables  and  subscriber's  receiving 
cords.  Its  exhibit  of  electrical  instruments  will  in- 
clude a  Wheatstone  bridge,  tangent  galvanometer, 
differential,  and  astatic  galvanometer,  etc. 

Tanaka  &  Co.  of  Tokio  will  show  electromedical 
instrunu-nts.  The  Japan  Electrical  Association  of 
Tokio  exhibits  a  talkie  showing  the  status  of  elec- 
trical industry  in  Japan,  while  the  Kioto  City  Coun- 
cil sends  plans  and  ])hotographs  of  a  canal  route 
with  water-power  electric  plan.  Several  models  of 
hydraulic  electric  power  station  in  lyo,  as  well  as 
])hotographs  of  the  same  installation,  will  lie  ex- 
hibited by  Saiga  Tokichi. 

AIemco 

The  Mexican  display  consists  largely  of  photo- 
graphs and  plans  of  the  water-power  plants,  electric 
railwaj's,  and  the  telephone  and  telegraph  systems 
throughout   the    country. 

PORTl'G.VL 

Virgilio  ^Mackado,  of  Lisbon,  exhibits  a  case  of 
books  which  he  has  written  upon  different  electrical 
subjects. 


ELECTRIC  RAILWAYS 


St.  Loin's  Trdiisit  Company 

Historical 

THE  first  horse  railway  in  the  city  of  St.  Louis  was 
l)nilt  in  tlie  year  1859  on  Olive  street  between 
h'onrth  and  Seventeenth  streets.  Between  1859 
and  1870  man}-  horse  railway  lines  were  con- 
structed in  different  parts  of  the  city.  The  first  cable 
railway  was  built  in  1885  and  opened  for  traffic  in  1886. 
It  is  now  the  St.  Louis  &  Suburban  Railway,  and,  at  the 
time  of  its  construction,  terminated  at  Vandeventer  and 
Franklin  avenues,  connecting  at  that  point  with  the  nar- 
row gauge  steam  line  which  ran  out  a  distance  of  eight- 
een miles  through  Cabanne  and  Normandy  to  Florissant. 
In  the  years  between  1886  and  1890  the  Olive  street. 
Franklin  avenue  and  Broadway  lines  were  equipped  to 
operate  by  cal)le  power.  Experiments  with  electric 
power  were  begun  in  1887.  when  the  Julien  Electric  Com- 
pany of  New  York  built  a  storage  battery  car  which  ran 
spasmodically  on  Washington  avenue.  In  1888  the  Short 
Electric  Railway  Company  installed  an  experimental  line 
on  South  Broadway  for  the  St.  Louis  Railroad  Company. 
The  first  cxperinunts  made  by  this  company  were  at- 
tempts to  operate  cars  in  series,  using  a  Brush  arc-light 
dynamo  to  furnish  jiower.  This  method  was  abandoned 
and  the  multiple  system  was  experimented  with.  No 
practicable  result.s  were  reached  and  the  experiments 
were  abandoned  in  1890,  when  the  St.  Louis  Railroad 
Company  converted  this  line  into  a  cable  road.  The  first 
permits  to  use  the  overhead  trolley  system  in  St.  Louis 
were  granted  in  April,  1889,  and  authorized  its  use  on 
Chouteau  avenue  west  of  Jefferson,  on  Finney  avenue 
west  of  Vandeventer  and  also  on  the  California  avenue 
division  .south  of  Chouteau  avenue.  It  was  not  until 
April,  1890,  that  permission  was  granted  by  the  city  au- 

139 


140 


The    St.    Louis 


tlioritics  for  tlicse  lines  to  l)e  extended  into  the  business 
portion  of  the  city.  In  Marcli.  1S90.  the  tirst  electric 
cars  in  the  city  were  commercially  operated  by  the  over- 
head trolley,  and  between  1890  and  1S96  all  of  the  exist- 
ing horse  railways  were  electrically  equipped.  The  cable 
roads  began  changing  their  lines  to  electric  railways  in 
1895  and  the  last  of  them  were  changed  in  1900,  making 
the  entire  traction  system  of  the  city  overhead  trolley. 

Up  to  1899  there  were  ten  independent  operating  com- 
panies in  the  city.     In  that  year  all  of  the  city  transpor- 


Standard  Car 

tation  companies  were  consolidated  into  two,  one  the  St. 
Louis  Transit  Company  and  the  other  the  St.  Louis  & 
Suburban  Railway,  which  is  the  present  condition. 

The  traction  development  in  St.  Louis  has  been  par- 
ticularly interesting  from  a  historical  point  of  view,  as  it 
was  here  that  manj^  of  the  problems  of  heavy  city  electric 
transportation  were  first  worked  out.  This  was  due 
partly  to  the  fact  that  St.  Louis  was  early  in  the  electric 
railway  field,  and  partly  because  of  the  keen  competition 
for  business  between  the  various  independent  railroad 
companies.  The  early  experiments  with  the  storage  bat- 
tery and  the  series  system  have  already  been  mentioned. 
It  was  here  that  the  first  development  of  the  double  truck 


Electrical    Ha  n  d  b  o  o  k 


141 


car  for  city  use  took  place,  and  it  was  here  that  the  first 
direct-coupled  generators  for  railway  power  plants  were 
installed  in  the  Cass  avenue  plant  in  1893.  St.  Louis  was 
the  first  to  use  60-ft.  rails  for  track,  and  the  first  city  to 
use  cast-welded  joints. 

General  Lay-Out 

The  various  lines  of  the  city  may  be  roughly  divided 
into  trunk  lines  radiating  from  the  business  portion  of 
the  city  as  a  centre,  and  cross-town  lines  wdiich  intersect 


\..Ttlieni  I 


the  trunk  lines  at  right  angles.  As  transfers  are  freely 
granted,  this  makes  an  admirable  system  for  the  trans- 
portation of  passengers  from  one  point  in  the  city  to  an- 
other for  one  fare.  ihe  layout  is  complicated  by  the 
fact  that  the  streets  are  not  always  parallel,  and  contain 
frequent  oflf-sets  on  account  of  the  various  additions 
which  have  been  made  to  the  city  from  time  to  time. 
Many  of  the  principal  streets  have  followed  the  general 
lines  of  the  country  roads,  whose  location  was  deter- 
mined by  the  topography  of  the  ground.  The  city  is 
hilly  and  well  drained,  many  of  the  streets  having  grades 
of  6  and  7  j)er  cent. 


1/^2 


The    St.    Louis 


Track 

The  original  horse-car  track  was  built  with  Hat  rails 
laid  on  wooden  stringers,  the  girder  rail  coming  into  use 
just  before  the  time  of  the  electric  developments.  For  a 
long  time  the  standard  rail  was  7  in.  high  with  a  step 
head,  but  within  the  last  year  quite  a  good  deal  of  grooved 
rail  7  in.  and  9  in.  in  height  has  been  laid.  Considerable 
track,  especially  old  track,  has  been  cast-welded. 

Cars 

The  original  cars  used  on  the  electric  railways  were 
single  truck,  closed  body,  aljout  18  ft.  or  20  ft.  in  length, 


Interior  of  Compressed  Air  Station 

with  two-motor  equipments.  The  advantages  of  the 
large  double-truck  car  were  early  discovered,  however, 
and  all  the  cars  now  in  service  are  of  this  type.  Some  of 
these  have  been  made  by  splicing  together  two  of  the 
single-truck  cars.  The  latest  type  is  a  double-truck  car 
with  a  body  33  ft.  in  length  by  9  ft.  in  width,  supplied 
with  cross  seats  seating  forty-eight  people.  The  cars  are 
run  single  ended,  with  a  small  platform  for  the  motor- 
man  on  the  front  end  and  a  large  platform  7  ft.  in  length 


Electrical    Handbook 


143 


on  the  rear  end.  They  are  equipped  with  four  40-h.p. 
motors  and  weigh  about  40,000  lb.  empty.  All  of  the 
cars  belonging  to  the  St.  Louis  Transit  Company  are  now 
being  equipped  with  air  brakes  operating  on  the  storage 
system.  An  electric-driven  air  compressor  station  is 
established  on  each  line  or  at  junctions  where  several 
lines  terminate  or  intersect.  These  air  compre^^sors  fur- 
nish air  at  300  lb.  pressure.  Each  car  is  equipped  with 
two  tanks,  one  a   reservoir  tank  holding  air  at  300  lb. 


rii  I'owcr  Station 


pressure,  connected  by  means  of  a  reducing  valve  to  a 
service  tank  holding  air  at  45  lb.,  at  which  pressure  it  is 
used  in  the  air  cvlindcrs. 


Power  Plants 

Both  direct  and  alternating  current  is  used.  The  di- 
rect current  is  furnished  from  four  plants  belonging  to 
the  Transit  Company,  and  the  alternating  current  partly 
from  a  plant  belonging  to  the  company  and  partly  by  a 
lighting  company.  The  alternating  current  is  transmit- 
ted at  6,600  volts  and  25  cycles  to  substations  whose  out- 


144 


The   St.    L 


0  It  I  s 


put  is  6oo-volt  direct  current.  Both  overhead  and  un- 
derground feeders  are  used  in  the  alternating  current 
distribution.  The  underground  feeders  are  triplex, 
paper  covered  and  lead  armored.  One  of  the  substations 
is  equipped  with  a  large  storage  battery.  The  general 
policy  of  the  railway  company  is  toward  an  increased 
use  of  alternating  distribution.  The  equipment  of  the 
plants  and  substations  is  as  follows : 

Central  Station,  Park  and   Vandcvcntcr  avenues. 
Engines:     Three   20  and   40  by   30-in.   tandem-com- 
pound,  non-condensing    Porter-Allen    engines,    150   rev. 


Central  Substation 

per  min.,  direct  connected  to  600-kw.  generators.  Four 
36  and  70  by  60-in.  cross-compound  Fulton  Iron  Works 
condensing  engines,  75  rev.  per  min.,  direct  connected  to 
2,2S0-kw.  Westinghouse  generators.  Two  2>"  and  62  by 
60-in.  Fulton  Iron  Works  cross-compound  condensing 
engines,  75  rev.  per  min.,  direct  connected  to  1,500-kw. 
Westinghouse  generators. 

Boilers:     Sixteen  400-h.p.  O'Brien  water-tube  boilers, 
equipped  with  Green  traveling  chain  grate  stokers  and 


Elect)-  i  c  a  I    H  a  ii  d  b  o  o  I: 


145 


Hoppes  purifiers.  All  heaters  in  this  station  are  of  the 
Excelsior  type.  Eight  325-h.p.  Stirling  boilers.  Six  400- 
h.p.  Stirling  boilers,  equipped  with  Hawley  down-draft 


dJj 


Section — Central  Substation 


furnace  and  Ho])pes  purifiers.     Coal  and  ashes  handled 
by  McCaslin  conveyor. 

Condensers:     Two      Worthingtnn      jet      condensers. 
Twelve  cooling  towers.      Two   i -million,   duplex,  triple- 


146 


The   St.    L  o  II 


expansion     Epping-Carpentcr     pumps, 
pumps.     Three  dry-vacuum  pumps. 


Six     centrifugal 


A'orthcni  Station.  Broad7\.'a\'  and  .Salishttry  streets. 

Engines:  Two  36  and  70  by  60-in.  cross-compound 
condensing  engines,  built  by  Fulton  Iron  Works,  75  rev. 
per  min.,  direct  connected  to  2,250-kw.  G.  E.  generators. 
Two  28  and  56  by  60-in.  cross-compound  condensing  en- 


Intt-rior  Central  Substation 

gines,  75  rev.  per  niiu..  1)iiilt  ])y  I'ulton  Iron  Works,  direct 
connected  to  i.2CO-k\v.  ihrce-phase  G.  E.  generators,  6,600 
volts,  25  cycles. 

Boilers:  Sixteen  400-h.p.  O'Brien  water-tube  boil- 
ers, equipped  with  Green  traveling  chain  grate  stokers. 
Hoppes  purifiers  and  Excelsior  open  heaters. 

Condensers:  Two  Wheeler  surface  condensers,  10,- 
000  sq.  ft.  cooling  surface,  with  two  Conover  air  pumps 
and  two  Knowles  circulating  pumps ;  also  four  cooling 
towers  on  roof  of  building;  coal  and  ashes  are  handled 
by  McCaslin  conveyor.     Epping-Carpenter  feed  pumps. 


Electrical    Hand  b  o  o  k 


147 


148 


The   St.    L 


Gcycr  Arcnuc  Station.  Jcifcrson  and  Gcycr  avenues. 

Engines:  One  36  by  48-in.  Allis  engine,  direct  con- 
nected to  800-kw.  G.  E.  generator.  One  28  by  54-in. 
Hamilton  Corliss,  belted  to  500-k\v.  Westinghouse  gen- 
erator. One  36  by  60-in.  Allis  twin,  direct  connected  to 
1,500-kw.  G.  E.  generator.  Two  22  by  60-in.  Porter- 
Allen  engines,  direct  connected  to  400-kw.  G.  E.  gen- 
erators. One  38  by  60-in.  Allis  engine,  direct  connected 
to  1,050-kw.  G.  E.  generator.  One  36  by  60-in.  Rankin- 
Fritch,  direct  connected  to  8oo-kw.  G.  E.  generator.     One 


Central  Suhstatiun 

22  by  42-in.  Allis  twin,  direct  connected  to  6oo-kw.  West- 
ern Electric  booster. 

Boilers:  Seven  500-h.p.  Heine.  Four  300-h.p.  Bab- 
cock  and  Wilcox.  Two  250-h.p.  O'Brien.  Nine  250-h.p. 
Heine.  Twelve  of  these  boilers  are  equipped  with  down- 
draft  furnaces  and  the  remainder  are  straight  fired ;  feed 
water  heaters  are  of  the  Cochrane  type  and  switchboard 
of  the  G.  E.  type. 

Cass  Avenue  Station,  Spring  avenue  and  N.  Market  street. 

Engines:  Three  34  by  60-in.  Allis  engines,  94  rev.  per 
min.,  direct  connected  to  G.  E.  800-kw.  generators.  One 
18  Ijy  36-in.  Allis,  150  rev.  per  min.,  direct  connected  to 
150-kw.  G.  E.  generator. 

Boilers:     Sixteen  200-h.p.  tulndar  boilers  with  Haw- 


Electrical    Handbook 


N9 


ley    down-draft    furnaces.     One    old   type    link-belt    ash 
conveyor. 

Central  Substation,  ijii  Locust  street. 
One  3,ooo-k\v.  Electric  Storage  Battery  Company  sto- 
rage battery.     Seven  i,ooo-kw.  General  Electric  rotaries. 
Two   252-k\v.    General    Electric   boosters    and    complete 


(.  uniprcsscil  .\ii'  St:ili<'ii 

direct-current  and  altcrnalinii-current  switchboards  with 
transformers,  etc.,  of  General  h'Jcctric  type. 

Delmar  Substation,  neliiiar  and  DeBalivierc  avenues. 
Four  6oo-kw.   and   one    i,ooo-kw.    rotary   converters, 
with    necessary    alternating-current    and    direct-current 
switchboards,  transformers,  etc.,  of  G.  E.  type. 

Rki'.mk  Shops 
At    Park   and   V'andeventer   avenues   are   located   the 
shops  for  the  rejjairs  of  trucks,  motors  and  electric  equip- 


1^0  The   St.    L  0  u  i  3 

ment,  and  at  Jefferson  avenue  and  Gravois  road  the  shops 
for  car  repairs.  The  company  does  all  of  its  own  repair- 
ing, and  at  the  Park  avenue  shops  there  is  quite  an  ex- 
tensive installation  of  machinery  and  appliances  for  gen- 
eral repairs  and  also  for  the  manufacture  of  the  double 
truck  with  which  the  company  is  equipping  its  new  cars. 

The  following  are  the  .statistics  of  operation  of  the 
St.  Louis  Transit  Company  for  the  year  ending  Decem- 
ber 31,  1903  : 

Gross  earnings  from  operation $7,259,460 

Total  number  of  passengers  carried 210.238,108 

Total  car  miles  run 32,535,626 

Total  miles  of  track 358.65 

Miles  of  public  highway  occupied 185.38 

Miles  of  right  of  way  occupied 22.61 

Percentage     of     revenue     passengers     using  • 

transfers   40.2^ 


The  St.  Louis  and  Suburban  Railway 

THE  St.  Loi'is  and  Suburban  Railway  had  its 
origin  in  the  Central  Railroad  Company,  organ- 
ized in  July,  1872.  The  road  at  that  time  was 
defined  as  five  miles  long,  extending  from  a  point 
150  feet  north  of  Olive  street  at  Grand  avenue.  Nothing 
was  done  towards  the  actual  construction  of  tliis  road, 
and  in  August  of  the  same  3'ear  the  name  was  changed  to 
the  St.  Louis  and  I'lorissant  Railroad  and  built  to  Kien- 
lan  avenue.  A  year  later  the  line  was  extended  fifteen 
miles  to  what  w'as  then  called  St.  Ferdinand,  now  Floris- 
sant. This  road  was  Iniilt  narrow  gauge,  and  steam  cars 
were  operated  upon  it  until  i<S82,  at  which  time  it  was 
sold  to  the  St.  Louis,  Crevecoeur  and  St.  Charles  Rail- 
road Companj-,  which  road  owned  and  o])erated  it  until 
1884,  when  it  was  sold  to  the  St.  Louis  Cable  and  West- 
ern. 

The  St.  Louis  Cable  and  Western  was  the  first  street 
car  company  to  operate  a  car  line  in  the  city  of  St.  Louis 
by  other  motive  power  than  horses.  The  St.  Louis  Cable 
and  Western  held  a  franchise  authorizing  it  to  build  an 
underground  cable  railway  from  Sixth  and  Locust  to 
Vandeventer  and  .Morgan  streets.  In  1891  the  St.  Louis 
and  Suburban  purchased  the  rights  and  properties  of  the 
combined  roads  and  converted  them  from  steam  and 
cable  to  electric.  Since  1891  the  St.  Louis,  Brentwood 
and  Clayton  Railroad,  the  St.  Louis  and  Meramec  River 
Railroad,  and  the  Brentwood,  Kirkwood  and  Forest  Park 
Raihva\'  have  been  built  and  added  to  the  Suburban  Rail- 
way system.  .\  few  extensions  have  been  built  in  the 
county  and  some  cross-town  lines  added  in  later  years. 

As  the  original  company,  now  part  of  the  Suburban 
system,  operated  under  a  steam  railroad  charter  and 
owiu'd  its  right  of  way,  the  present  company  operates  its 

151 


15^ 


The   St.    Lou 


1  s 


cars  for  the  most  part  over  private  right  of  way.  There 
is  but  one  line  to  the  business  portion  of  the  city,  and  all 
other  divisions  run  into  this  main  line  at  various  junc- 
tons  west  of  Vandeventer  avenue. 


The  original  cable  track  was  a  small  girder-rail  laid 
on  iron  yokes,  and  the  narrow  gauge  was  a  35-lb.  iron 
T-rail  laid  on  wood  ties.  In  converting  the  cable  line  to 
electric,  it  was  necessary  to  remove  the  iron  yokes  and 
cable  conduit,  and  for  a  long  period  the  rails  consisted  of 
girder  rails  5  in.  high  set  on  chairs  and  laid  on  wood  ties, 


OSob-3t/}T/OA^       O  Fo\^£/?-ST-/R-rioN 


Electrical    Handbook 


153 


but  within  the  last  j-ear  all  the  lines  on  city  streets  have 
been  reconstructed  with  girder  rail  9  in.  high,  or  with 
girder  rail  6  in.  high.  The  rails  on  the  right  of  way  were 
40-  and  35-lb.  T-rail ;  these  have  been  removed  and 
standard  80-lb.  T-rail  laid  within  the  city  limits.  In  the 
count}-  on  private  right  of  way  60-lb.  standard  T-rail  is 
used,  with  the  exception  of  ten  miles  where  the  old  orig- 
inal 35-lb.  T  is  still  in  use. 

Power  Pl.\nt 

The  system  has  but  one  plant  at  which  power  is  gen- 
erated.    Both   direct   and   alternating  current   are   used. 


Standard  Car 

This  power  plant  is  located  at  De  Hodiamont  on  the 
Wabash  Railroad,  and  is  equipped  as  follows  : 

Boiler  Plant:  Fifteen  O'Brien  safety  water-tube 
boilers  with  a  rated  capacity  of  550  h.p.  each,  Jones  un- 
derfeed stokers,  and  coal-  and  ash-handling  machinery. 

Pozi'cr  Plant:  Two  32  in.  by  60  in.  simple  Hamilton- 
Corliss  engines,  80  rev.  per  min.,  direct  connected  to  800- 
kw.  direct-current  generators;  one  31  in.  by  72  in.  simple 
Hamilton-Corliss  engine,  68  rev.  per  min.,  belted  to  two 
300-kw.  direct-current  generators ;  two  30  in.  by  50  in. 
by  60  in.  compound  Aliis-Chalmcrs  engines,  75  rev.  per 
min.,  direct  connected  to  1,200-kw.  alternating-current 
generators ;  one  30  in.  by  56  in.  by  60  in.  compound  Ful- 
ton Iron  Works  engine,  75  rev.  per  min.,  direct  connected 
to  1,200-kw.  alternating-current  generators;  one  30  in.  by 
48  in.  simple  Allis-Chalmcrs  engine,  80  rev.  per  min., 
direct  connected  to  800-kw.  direct-current  generator. 


1^4  T  he    St.    L  o  n  i  s 

Sixteenth  Street  Transforming  Station:  Three  600- 
kw.  rotary  transformers. 

Brentzi'ood  Transforming  Station:  Two  6oo-k\v.  ro- 
tary transformers. 

The  direct  current  is  used  for  the  Hnes  in  the  vicinity 
of  the  power  station  and  is  distributed  l)y  overhead  feed- 
ers. The  alternating  current  is  transmitted  at  6,600  volts 
and  25  cycles  to  the  above  named  substations,  whose  out- 
put is  550  volts  direct  current. 

Cars 

But  two  types  of  cars  are  used  on  the  system ;  they 
are  known  as  large  and  small  cars.  Both  types  are 
equipped  with  the  St.  Louis  Car  Company's  No.  47  truck. 
The  large  cars  are  46  ft.  8  in.  long  over  all,  9  ft.  2  in. 
wide,  weight  48,000  lb.,  with  a  seating  capacity  of  52  pas- 
sengers. These  cars  are  equipped  with  four  General 
Electric  No.  67  motors  or  four  Westinghou.se  No.  49 
motors  and  air-brakes.  The  small  cars  are  38  ft.  long 
over  all,  9  ft.  1.5  in.  wide,  weight  34,000  lb.,  with  a  seat- 
ing capacity  of  40  passengers.  These  cars  are  equipped 
with  four  Westinghouse  No.  49  motors  or  two  General 
Electric  No.  57  motors  and  air-brakes.  The  repair  and 
paint  shops  for  motors,  cars,  truck  and  electrical  equip- 
ment are  located  at  De  Hodiamont. 

The  following  are  the  statistics  of  operation  of  the 
St.  Louis  and  Suburban  Railway  Company  for  the  year 
ending  December  31.  1903: 

Gross  earnings  from  operation $963,806.96 

Total  number  of  passengers  carried 19.931,178 

Total  car-miles  run 5oi5o36 

Total  miles  of  track 95 

Miles  of  public  highway  occupied 46.5 

Miles  of  right  of  way  occupied 48.5 

Percentage  of  transfers 12.1% 


East  St,  Louis  Q^  Suburban  Railway 

Ax  important  factor  in  the  wonderful  growth 
of  East  St.  Louis  has  been  the  electric  rail- 
way system  which  had  its  beginning  in  1890. 
This  system  has  extended  steadily,  not  only 
to  all  parts  of  the  city,  but  also  to  the  surrounding 
towns.  The  East  St.  Louis  &  Suburban  Railway 
Co.  now  controls  and  operates  the  ft)llowing  lines, 
which  were  formerly  independent: 

1.  The  East  St.  Louis  Electric  Railway  Co.,  which 
began  operating  its  cars  in  East  St.  Louis  in  1890, 
with  current  furnished  from  its  own  pow-er  station. 

2.  The  St.  Louis  &  East  St.  Louis  Electric  Rail- 
wa}-  Co.,  which  began  operating  across  the  Eads 
bridge  in  1890.  This  company  had  its  o»\-n  power 
station  at  the  east  pier  of  the  bridge. 

3.  The  St.  Louis  &  Belleville  Electric  Railway 
Co.,  built  in  1896  and  1897.  This  company  operates 
over  a  private  right  of  way  between  East  St.  Louis 
and  Belleville.  It  also  owned  the  lines  in  Belleville. 
Its  power  station  was  located  on  the  bluflfs,  one  mile 
east  of  Edgemont.  This  line  is  now  operated  as  a 
coal  road  with  electric  locomotives. 

4.  The  ICast  St.  Louis  &  Suburban  R'ailwa}-  Co., 
which  in  1897  constructed  its  double-track  road  be- 
tween East  St.  Louis  and  Belleville  along  the  Belle- 
ville Turnpike.  Its  power  station  was  situated  at 
Edgemont. 

5.  The  Collinsville,  Caseyville  &  East  St.  Louis 
Electric  Railway  Co.,  which  built  its  line  in  1899, 
between  Collinsville  and  Edgemont.  This  line  was 
supplied  with  power  by  the  St.  Louis  &  Belleville 
Electric  Railway  Co. 

6.  The    Mississii)pi    Valle\'    Traction    Co.,    which 


156 


T  li  c    S  t .    Lou  is 


built  a  line  from  East  St.  Louis  to  Collinsville  in 
1901;  this  was  later  extended  from  Collinsville  to 
Edwardsville.  Its  power  station  was  located  one 
mile  west  of  Cc^llinsville. 

7.  The  St.  Louis,  O'Fallon  &  Lebanon  Electric 
Railroad  Co.,  which  in  1903  built  a  line  from  Edge- 
mont  to  O'Fallon  and  Lebanon.  It  is  supplied  with 
power  from  a  sub-station.  Its  road-bed,  trestles, 
and   bridges   were    constructed   with   a   view   of   sup- 


Power  House 
porting  heavy  freight  traffic.  The  ma.\imum  grade 
is  1.5  per  cent,  compensated  for  curvature.  The 
maximum  curvature  is  10  degrees.  The  bridge  over 
Silver  Creek  is  a  deck-plate  girder,  and  that  over  the 
Baltimore  &  Ohio  Southwestern  Railroad,  near 
O'Fallon,  is  a  through  plate  girder  bridge. 

8.  Subsequently,  the  property  of  the  Citizens 
Electric  Light  &  Power  Co.,  including  power  house, 
was  acquired. 

At  the  present  time  the  entire  sj'stem  of  the  East 
St.  Louis  &  Suburban  Railwav  Co.  includes  iiT  miles 


E  I  c  c  t  r  i  c  a  I    H  a  n  d  b  o  o  k  i^/ 

of  track.  One  branch  of  the  suburban  line  extends 
east  from  East  St.  Louis  to  Edgemont,  another 
branch  runs  northeast  to  Collinsville,  while  a  north 
and  south  line  between  Edgemont  and  Collinsville 
completes  a  triangular  loop.  From  Edgemont  a 
l)ranch  extends  southeast  to  Belleville,  another 
branch  runs  from  French  Village,  just  north  of  Edge- 
mont, east  to  Lebanon  and  a  third  branch  extends 
from  Collinsville  north  to  Edwardsville. 

Belleville,  a  city  of  about  20,000  people,  is  the 
center  of  a  rich  coal  and  agricultural  region.  Its 
manufactures  now  cover  a  wide  range  of  products 
which  contribute  largely  to  the  business  of  the  rail- 
way. This  city  has  been  the  county  seat  of  St.  Clair 
county  since  1814  and  was  the  home  of  three  of  the 
governors  of  the  state  of  Illinois. 

Collinsville  is  a  progressive  city  of  about  7,000 
population  and  is  growing  rapidly.  It  lies  in  a  large 
coal-mining  district  and  contains  numerous  manufac- 
turing industries.  O'Fallon  is  now  a  thriving  town 
and  illustrates  the  value  of  an  electric  railway  to 
a  small  community,  as  since  the  advent  of  electric 
cars  the  growth  in  jm  >pnlatinn  and  amount  of  build- 
ing has  been  marked.  The  dial  mines  at  this  place 
constitute  one  of  its  Icadiiii;  industries.  Leijauon 
has  a  population  of  3,000,  and  forms  the  present 
eastern  terminus  of  the  line. 

Edwardsville  is  the  northern  terminus  of  the  line 
and  is  a  rapidly-growing  city.  It  is  a  place  of  much 
historical  interest,  being  the  home  of  Governor  Ed- 
wards, the  first  territorial  governf)r  of  Illinois,  for 
whom  the  place  was  named. 

In  order  to  generate  power  for  the  various  prcjp- 
erties  to  the  best  advantage,  a  power  station  was 
erected  in  i^ast  St.  Louis,  with  sub-stat'ions  properly 
distrilmted;  the  live  smaller  stations  used  before  the 
consolidation  were  ahauiloned.  'i'lu-  new  power  sta- 
tion is  located  l)etween  the  two  belt  railroads,  and 
on  tlie  electric  lines  to  Belleville.  Fuel  is  received 
over    tj-.e    com])any's   coal    road,    wliich    is   here    con- 


I5S 


The   St.    L  o  II  i  s 


nected  with  Ixith  hell  railroads,  and  which  in  turn 
connect  with  all  steam  roads  entering  ICast  St. 
Louis. 

The  dimensions  oi  the  power  station,  which  is  a 
brick  structure,  are  207  ft.  6  in.  by  1 15  ft.  The  founda- 
tion walls  are  of  concrete,  resting  on  piles.  All 
engine  and  boiler  foundations,  built  also  of  concrete, 
are  on  piles.  Steel  roof-trusses  carry  the  gravel 
roof  and  the  coal-bunkers  above  the  boilers.  The 
greater    portion  of  the   current   generated   at    this    sta- 


Interior  of  Power  House 


tion  is  used  in  the  city  railway  service  of  East  St. 
Louis,  with  a  centre  of  distribution  a  little  more 
than  a  mile  distant. 

The  low  cf)St  cti  coal  and  the  absence  of  a  cheap 
water  supply  made  the  use  of  simple  non-condensing 
engines  necessary.  The  coal  used  is  nut,  pea,  and 
slack,  w'hich  is  handled  from  the  mines  in  the  com- 
pany's bottom-dump  cars.  These  discharge  their 
contents  into  a  steel  hopper  over  the  conveyor.  This 
conveyor  is  of  the  overlapping  bucket  type,  with 
18  by  24  in.  buckets,  delivering  the  coal  to  steel 
bunkers  htdding  two  car-loads  each,  over  the  boilers. 
The  ash  is  taken  from  the  pits  beneath  the  boilers 
by   the   same    conveyor,   and   emptied    into   a   hopper 


Electrical    Handbook  i ^o 

overhead,  from  which  it  is  discharged  into  the  coal 
cars  by  gravity. 

The  boiler  mom  contains  live  i.ooo-h.p.  batteries 
of  Heine  water-tube  boilers.  In  order  to  obtain 
enough  grate  surface,  owing  to  the  grade  of  coal 
used,  it  was  necessary  to  set  two  250-h.p.  boilers 
side  bj'  side  to  form  each  half  of  the  battery,  instead 
of  using  the  single  500-h.p.  units.  Demand  for  large 
grate-surface  prompted  the  construction  for  this 
plant  of  the  first  traveling  link-grates  12  ft.  in  width. 

The  engine-room,  which  is  served  by  a  35ton 
crane,  contains  five  engines  direct  connected  to  their 
generators,  three  motor-generat(ir  sets,  one  syn- 
chronous converter,  besides  one  motor-driven  and 
two  steam-driven  exciters.  The  direct  current  at 
550  volts,  sui^plying  the  city  trolley  lines,  is  fur- 
nished b}-  a  i,()00-kw.  generator,  driven  by  a  twin 
Corliss  engine,  having  cylinders  34  in.  in  diameter 
by  60  in.  stroke,  and  hj-  two  4_'5-kw.  generators,  each 
direct  connected  to  a  22  bj'  42  in.  Corliss  engine. 
The  300-kw.  sj-nchronous  converter  also  stands  ready 
to  convert  13.200-volt  alternating  current  into  550- 
volt  direct  current,  on  demand. 

The  current  for  the  suburban  lines  is  generated  at 
13,200  volts  having  25  cycles.  Two  750-kw.,  3- 
phase  revolving-field  alternators  supply  this  current. 
Each  alternator  is  keyed  to  the  shaft  of  a  Corliss 
engine,  running  at  94  rev.  per  niin.  The  alternators 
are  operated  in  parallel  witlmut  ditVicult}-. 

The  blue  Vermont  marble  switchboards  occupy 
the  south  end  of  the  engine  room.  The  lower  board 
is  used  for  the  550-volt  direct-current  railway  and 
for  the  control  of  the  13,200-volt,  25-cycle  alternating 
current.  The  alternating  currtMit  is  distributed  to 
the  three  sul)-stations  now  in  operation  through  oil 
switches.  Behind  each  of  these  oil  switches  the 
line  may  be  again  opened  by  means  of  knife  switches. 
This  double-switch  arrangement  was  carried  out 
through  the  whole  of  the  13,200-volt  system. 

The   upper   switchboard   is   set   on   a   gallery   sup- 


i6o 


The   St.    L  0  11  is 


ported  by  a  36-in.  plate  girder.  It  is  used  for  the 
centred  of  the  2,300-volt  lighting  current,  the  arc 
circuits  and  550-volt  direct-current  power  circuits. 

The  sub-stations  are  located  as  shown  on  the 
accompanying  map.  Those  near  Maryville  and 
O'Fallon  each  contain  two  200-kw.  synchronous  con- 
verters, and  seven  75-kw.  oil-cooled  transformers, 
with  reserve  space  for  another  set.  The  sub-station 
on  the  bluffs  east  of  Edgemont  contains  at  present 
two  300-kw.  synchronous  converters  with  125-kw. 
oil-cooled   transformers.     It   also   has   reserve   space. 


Switchboard 


The  arc  and  incandescent  lighting  for  East  St. 
Louis  is  done  from  the  main  power  station  by  means 
of  motor-generator  sets.  As  this  lighting  load  is 
comparatively  small  it  is  handled  by  taking  550-vo!t 
current  from  the  railway  bus-bars  and  changing  it 
to  2,300-volt,  60-cycle  alternating  current,  by  means 
of  motor-generator  sets.  There  are  two  of  these 
sets  in  the  station,  governed  by  a  Tyrrill  regulator, 
each  being  of  420-kw.  capacity.  The  550-volt  oower 
circuit  is  changed  from  grounded  to  metallic  circuit 
in  the  same  way,  through  the  medium  of  a  300-kw. 
set.  The  arc  lighting  is  done  through  three  100- 
light  constant-current  transformers. 

The   bare   high   pressure   lines   and   insulated   sub- 


Electrical    Handbook 


i6i 


urban  ked-wires  are  of  aluminum  on  glass  insulators. 
White  cedar  poles  are  used  throughout.  The  trolley 
wire  is  mainly  of  the  No.  oo  figure  8  type,  hung  from 
brackets  on  suburban  lines,  and  No.  oo  round  in  East 
St.  Louis. 

A  feature  of  interest  in  connection  with  the  sys- 
tem of  the  East  St.  Louis  &  Suburban  Railway  Co. 
is  its  telephone  system  which  covers  the  whole  of  the 
city    and    suburban    lines.     Arrangements    are    made 


Substation 

for  attaching  portable  telephones  to  the  poles  at 
about  every  i,6oo  ft.  ICach  suburban  car  carries  its 
own  portable  telephone  as  well  as  a  pole  list,  so 
that  in  case  of  accident  communication  can  be  quick- 
ly iuid  with  shops  or  the  superintendent.  Tlie  tcle- 
])lione  list  contains  the  names  aiul  numbers  for  botli 
tlu-  ])ri\ate  line,  the  I'.ell  teleplioiu-s,  and  tlie  Kin- 
loch  telei)honc>  of  tlu-  various  offices  and  stations 
on  llir  road  and  of  tlie  company's  physicians  which 
are  to  be  called  in  case  of  accident.  The  poles  on 
all  the  sidjurban  divisions  are  consecutively  num- 
bered and  on  the  back  of  the  telephone  list  is  given 
the    number  of   each   jjole   to    which   telephones   maj' 


l62 


The   St.    Louis 


be  attached.  Ry  means  of  this  system  a  car  on 
any  part  of  the  lines  can  immediately  communicate 
with  all  of  the  shops,  stations,  and  ofifices  of  the 
company. 

The  cars  in  the  city  service  seat  36,  passengers. 
They  are  of  the  closed  type,  with  26  ft.  bodies,  each 
having  two  G.  E.  No.  67  motors  on  Brill  trucks. 
Twelve  bench  open  cars  are  in  service  during  the 
summer. 


Interurban  Car 


The  suburban  cars  are  supplied  with  four  G.  E. 
No.  •,/  motors,  and  are  equipped  with  air-brakes. 
They  have  a  seating  capacity  for  60  people.  The 
bodies  are  40  ft.  long  and  platforms  are  5  ft.  wide. 
These  are  mounted  on  St.  Louis  Car  Co.'s  No.  2^  B 
trucks. 

The  freight  traffic  on  the  line  Ijetween  East  St. 
Louis  and  Belleville  is  handled  by  two  50-ton  elec- 
tric locomotives,  each  equipped  with  four  i6o-h.p. 
motors  and  air-brakes. 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  AND 
POWER  STATIONS 


Electt^ic  Lighting  and  Power  Stations 

THE  beginning  of  electric  lighting  in  the  cit.v  of  St. 
Louis  was  in  the  fall  of  1878.  when  Carl  Heisler, 
electrical  engineer,  brought  from  Paris  two 
small  Gramme  dynamos.  One  of  these  was  the 
generator,  the  other  its  exciter.  The  generator  had  a 
stationary  armature  and  revolving  field,  and  produced 
alternating  current.  This  apparatus  was  erected  by  ^Ir. 
Heisler.  assisted  by  Mr.  William  Wurdack,  at  P'aust's 
Restaurant  at  the  corner  of  Broadway  and  Elm  street. 

A  small  boiler  and  engine  were  set  up  to  drive  this 
apparatus,  but  as  these  were  insufficient  for  the  purpose 
the  service  furnished  was  intermittent  and  unsatisfac- 
tory. The  plant,  however,  was  run  for  several  months. 
The  lamps  consisted  of  JablochkofF  candles,  there  being 
twelve  candles  set  on  three  stands,  with  four  candles  con- 
nected to  each. 

When  this  service  proved  unsatisfactory,  the  Gramme 
machine  was  replaced  by  a  Hochhausen  arc  machine.  An 
arc-light  was  suspended  at  the  corner  of  Broadway  and 
Elm  street,  and  the  first  street  lighting  in  this  city  began. 
On  account  of  its  novelty,  this  arc-light  attracted  great 
crowds,  who  assembled  to  watch  its  operation.  The  arc- 
light  was  of  foreign  manufacture  and  was  imported  by 
Mr.  Adolphus  Busch.  who  was  associated  with  Mr.  Faust 
in  this  first  plant.  After  operating  this  lamp  for  several 
weeks  for  street  lighting,  the  little  plant  was  moved  and 
set  up  in  the  old  Polytechnic  Building,  corner  of  Seventh 
and  Market  streets.  The  lamp  was  hung  in  the  library 
and  was  operated  at  this  place  for  a  much  longer  period. 
The  operation  of  the  lamp  was  crude  and  uncertain  and 
it  was  found  necessary  to  attach  a  string  to  the  upper 
carbon,  carry  it  over  a  pulley  and  have  a  small  boy  sta- 
tioned always  within  reach  to  pull  the  carbons  apart  when 

16.:; 


i66  T  he   St.    L  o  II  i  s 

ihey  came  together  and  the  lamp  mechanism  failed  to 
separate  them  agani  and  strike  the  arc. 

Following  this  first  attempt  at  electric  lighting,  the 
Brush  Company  of  Cleveland,  Ohio,  established  an  elec- 
tric lighting  plant  at  the  southwest  corner  of  Seventh 
and  Walnut  streets.  This  plant  consisted  of  six  Brush 
arc  dynamos  driven  by  two  Watertown  high-speed  en- 
gines. The  lamps  consisted  of  both  single  carbon  and 
double  carbon  lamps  of  the  Brush  type.  There  were  also 
some  incandescent  lamps  run  in  series  with  the  arc-lamps 
on  the  Brush  multiple-series  system.  The  output  of  this 
plant  was  used  for  commercial  lighting  only. 

After  the  establishment  of  this  Brush  plant  followed 
the  organization  of  the  St.  Louis  Illuminating  Company 
by  Carl  Heisler  in  1884.  This  plant  was  located  at  Third 
and  Gratiot  streets  and  consisted  of  eight  Heisler,  5-am- 
pere  alternating-current  generators,  driven  by  Fitchburg, 
Buckeye,  and  Russell  engines.  The  first  four-valve  type 
of  engine  manufactured  by  the  Russell  Company  was 
installed  in  this  plant.  These  dynamos  each  had  a  ca- 
pacity of  550  thirty  candle-power  incandescent  lamps, 
which  w>:re  used  for  commercial  lighting. 

In  the  year  1889  the  Missouri  Electric  Light  &  Power 
Companj'  was  organized  by  Guido  Pantaleoni.  The 
plant,  built  under  the  supervision  of  Mr.  Herbert  A. 
Wagner,  electrical  engineer,  was  started  in  August,  1889, 
and  comprises  the  plant  known  at  the  present  time  as 
Station  A  of  the  Union  Electric  Light  &  Power  Com- 
pany. This  plant  started  with  a  capacity  of  10.000  six- 
teen candle-power  lamps,  which  increased  to  20,000  at  the 
end  of  the  first  six  months.  From  this  promising  begin- 
ning the  success  of  electric  lighting  in  this  citj'  was  as- 
sured. 

About  the  time  that  the  Missouri  Electric  Light  & 
Power  Company  was  organized,  the  Municipal  Electric 
Light  &  Power  Company  was  formed  to  carry  out  the 
city  lighting  contract  that  had  been  awarded  to  Charles 
Sutter.  In  1893  the  Edison  Illumijiating  Company  of 
St.  Louis  was  organized  and  acquired  the  property  of 
the    ^lunicipal     Electric    Light    and     Power    Company. 


Electrical    Handbook  i6j 

This  company  was  operated  as  an  independent  light- 
ing company  until  1897,  ^vhen  the  Missouri-Edison 
Electric  Company  was  organized  for  the  purpose  of  con- 
solidating the  electric  lighting  and  power  interests  of 
the  city.  This  new  company  absorbed  the  Missouri 
Electric  Light  &  Power  Company,  the  Municipal  Electric 
Light  &  Power  Company,  and  the  St.  Louis  Electric 
Light  &  Power  Company,  the  latter  being  a  smaller  or- 
ganization which  had  built  up  considerable  business  in 
tlie  supply  of  commercial  series  arc  lighting  and  electric 
power  with  220-volt  direct  current.  The  plants  of  these 
three  companies  in  1893  comprised  the  following  equip- 
ment • 

The  ^lissouri  Electric  Light  &  Power  Company,  4,100 
h.p.  of  steam  engines  and  40,000  16  c-p  lamp  capacity  in 
generators. 

The  Edison  Illuminating  Company  of  St.  Louis  had 
a  total  capacity  of  4,800  h.p.  in  engines  and  12,000  16  c-p. 
capacity  in  alternating-current  generators  and  4,500  arc 
lamp  capacity  in  arc  machines  ;  also  28o-kw'.  capacity  in 
500-volt  power  generators. 

The  St.  Louis  Electric  Light  &  Power  Company  had 
an  engine  capacitj-  of  1,100  h.p.,  alternating-current  gen- 
erator capacity  of  3,600  16  c-p.  lamps  and  420  lamp  capac- 
ity in  arc-lighting  machines ;  also  power  generators  of  a 
total  capacity  of  440  kw. 

The  latter  station  was  operated  only  for  a  short  pe- 
riod after  the  consolidation  until  arrangements  could  be 
made  for  transferring  its  load  to  larger  stations. 

In  1897  the  Imperial  Electric  Light,  Heat  &  Power 
Company  was  organized  to  operate  under  a  franchise 
obtained  covering  the  new  underground  district  of  the 
city.  This  plant  was  designed  for  serving  the  under- 
ground district,  which  comprises  the  principal  business 
part  of  the  city.  The  plant  was  located  approximately 
in  the  centre  of  the  underground  district,  at  Tenth  and 
St.  Charles  streets,  and  the  220-440  volt  direct-current 
system  of  distribution  was  adopted.  This  ])lant  was  ab- 
sorbed aI)out  a  year  ago  by  the  Union   Electric  Light  & 


i68  T  Ji  c    St.    L  o  u  i  s 

Power  Compau}-,  and  is  now  known  as  their  Imperial 
Plant. 

The  development  of  the  electric  lighting  and  power 
business  in  St.  Louis  has  been  similar  to  that  in  other 
American  cities  where  smaller  plants  have  been  consoli- 
dated and  larger  ones  rebuilt  to  replace  them.  In  some 
respects,  however,  pioneer  work  has  been  done  in  this 
city  by  the  engineers  in  charge  of  the  designing  of  these 
properties.  In  1893  the  Edison  Illuminating  Company  of 
St.  Louis  was  operating  the  largest  series  arc  lighting 
station  in  the  world.  This  system  was  afterwards 
changed  by  Herbert  A.  Wagner  to  a  series  alternating- 
current  system  by  making  slight  changes  in  the  arc- 
lamps  themselves,  and  connecting  them  through  a  regu- 
lator and  a  step-up  transformer,  giving  variable  second- 
ary so  that  the  current  could  be  maintained  constant  by 
the  switchboard  attendant.  By  changing  over  the  entire 
system  in  this  way,  the  small  arc-light  machines  were 
replaced  and  all  of  the  arc-lamps  operated  from  the  large 
alternating-current  units. 

When,  in  1897,  the  city  ordinances  required  all  wires 
throughout  the  business  district  to  be  put  underground, 
the  Missouri-Edison  Electric  Company  put  down  a  com- 
plete network  of  underground  mains  operating  at  1 10-220 
volts,  on  a  three-wire  alternating-current  system,  fed  by 
large  transformers  placed  in  manholes  at  street  intersec- 
tions. These  transformers  were  supplied  at  1,100  volts 
pressure  through  duplex  underground  cables.  This  was 
the  largest  single-phase  underground  distribution  at- 
tempted in  this  country  and  attracted  a  great  deal  of 
attention  on  account  of  the  original  lines  on  w'hich  it  was 
laid  out.  Its  practicability  and  efficiency  have  been 
proved  by  its  successful  operation. 

The  plant  of  the  Imperial  Company  was  also  the  first 
attempt  in  this  country  to  install  a  high-pressure  220-440 
direct-current  system  on  an  extensive  scale.  The  growth 
in  output  from  this  plant,  as  shown  in  a  later  article,  has 
demonstrated  the  practical  engineering  and  commercial 
success  of  this  design. 


world's  *v^fR  ( 


The  Union  Electric  Light  and 
Company 

THE  Uxiox  Electric  Light  and  Power  Company 
was  incorporated  in  1903,  being  a  combination 
into  one  company  of  the  ^lissouri-Edison  Com- 
pany, the  Imperial  Electric  Light,  Heat  and 
Power  Company,  the  Seckner  Contracting  Company  and 
the  Citizens'  Electric  Light  and  Power  Company. 
Through  its  ownership  of  the  physical  property  and 
franchise  rights  of  these  companies,  the  Union  Company 
acquired  all  the  principal  generating  stations,  together 
with  nearly  all  the  underground  conduit  used  for  electric 
light  and  power  purposes  in  the  city  of  St.  Louis.  At 
the  present  time  the  Lfnion  Company  owns  and  is  oper- 
ating four  generating  stations  as  follows  : 

'Jhe  Ashley  Street  jilant  at  Ashley  street  and  the  Mis- 
sissippi river ; 

Tlic  Imperial  plant  at  Tenth  and  St.  Charles  streets, 
The   Missouri-Edison   Station  "A"  at  Twentieth  and 
Locust  streets. 

The  Missouri-Edison  Station  '"P."  at  Xineteenth  and 
Gratiot  streets. 

The  Ashley  Street  plant  is  not  yet  fully  completed, 
there  being  installed  ready  for  operation  but  12,000  kw. 
of  engine-driven  generating  capacity.  There  remain  to 
be  installed  two  2,000-kw.  and  four  5,000-kw.  turbine 
units  of  the  Curtiss  type.  Before  January  i,  1905,  there 
will  be  installed  36,000  kw.  at  the  Ashley  Street  plant, 
24,000  of  which  will  be  turbine  driven. 

The  combined  capacity  of  the  Imperial  and  the  Mis- 
souri-Edison plants,  which  arc  older,  is  11,000  kw.  It  is 
the  intention  to  convert  such  of  these  plants  as  are  suit- 
ably located  into  substations,  operating  the  steam  ma- 
chiiury  during  the  winter  peak  only. 
169 


lyo 


The   St.    L 


^ 


Electrical    H  a  ii  d  b  o  o  k  lyi 

'Ihe  Union  Company  will  furnish  to  tlie  St.  Louis 
Transit  Company  from  its  Ashley  Street  plant  eighteen 
hours  per  day.  9,000  k\v.  of  6,600-volt,  3-phase,  25- 
cycle  energy.  In  addition  to  this  business  the  Union 
Company  has  at  present  a  connected  load  as  follows : 

Direct-current  motors    9.300  h.p. 

Alternating-current  motors   1,000     " 

Alternating-current    arc-lamps    3.500 

Direct-current  arc-lamp'--    4.100 

Series  direct-current  arcs,  city  lighting 1,000 

Incandescent  lamps  in  16  c-p.  equivalent.  ..  .  590,000 

The  Union  Company  has  fully  covered  all  the  terri- 
tory within  the  city  limits  with  either  its  underground  or 
its  overhead  systems  of  distrilnition.  The  extent  and 
character  of  its  distributing  circuits  are  as  follows: 

I'XDERCROUND 

Trench  feet  conduit 490,085  feet 

Duct  feet  conduit 2,tS63,i33      " 

Laterals   154,616      " 

Cables  250  miles 

OVERHE.M) 

Poles    10,000 

Overhead  wire   550  miles 

THE  ASHLEY  STREET  PLANT 

The  BciLDixG 

The  new  central  station  of  the  Union  Electric  Light 
and  Power  Company  known  as  the  Ashley  Street  plant, 
is  situated  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Mississippi  river  at 
the  foot  of  Ashley  street,  aljout  half  a  mile  from  the 
centre  of  the  business  district.  The  building  consists  of 
an  engine  room  319  feet  lo1ig,  78  feet  wide,  and  84  feet 
high,  adjoining  a  bf>iler  room  31Q  feet  long,  96  feet  wide, 
and  117  feet  high,  the  boiler  room  being  on  the  river  side 
and  the  length  of  the  building  being  parallel  to  the  river. 
The  foundations  of  tlu'  building  are  of  concrete,  resting 
in  every  instance  ujion  the  solid  mck,  which  is  of  a  hard 
white    limestone    form.'ition.      The   concrete    foundations. 


172 


T  li  c   St.    Louis 


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Electrical    Handbook 


173- 


where  the  foundation  walls  are  high,  are  strengthened  by 
steel  framing.  The  foundation  wall  for  the  boiler  room 
on  the  river  side  is  60  feet  high  and  32^  feet  long,  and  its 
base  rests  upon  the  solid  rock  at  a  depth  of  10  feet  below 
the  low-water  stage,  a  depth  of  48  feet  below  the  high- 
water  stage'  and  a  depth  of  25  feet  below  the  average 
stage  of  the  [Mississippi  river. 

The  superstructure  is  of  brick,  terra  cotta,  and  steel 
construction,  the  steel  resting  on  top  of  the  foundation 
walls.     The  building  is  most  ornate  both  externally  and 


internally.  The  exterior  is  largely  of  terra  cotta  and  the 
form  of  architecture  is  Roman.  The  general  impression 
is  a  series  of  Ionic  pilasters  joined  by  round  Roman 
arches  and  surmounted  by  a  cornice  all  in  terra  cotta. 
The  remainder  of  the  external  surface  is  of  gray  St. 
Louis  pressed  brick. 

The  interior  of  the  engine  room  is  of  white  enamel 
pressed  brick  except  at  the  engine-room  floor,  where  for 
a  height  of  12  feet  the  white  enamel  brick  is  replaced  by 
a  brick  of  brown  enamel.  The  insides  of  the  boiler- 
room  walls  are  faced  with  gray  pressed  brick.  The  en- 
gines rest  on  concrete  foundations  24  feet  high  resting  on 
the  solid  rock. 


174 


The    St.    L  0  u  i . 


Electrical    Handbook  1/3 

The  switchboard  is  located  at  the  south  end  of  the 
building  and  is  contained  on  five  galleries.  The  columns 
and  the  fronts  of  these  galleries  are  in  white  enameled 
terra  cotta  and  conform  in  general  architectural  design 
to  the  exterior  of  the  building.  Adjoining  the  engine 
room  is  an  annex  six  stories  high,  58  feet  long,  and  14 
feet  wide.  The  basement  of  this  annex  contains  the  oil- 
filtering  tanks  and  the  mezzanine  floor  the  exciter  sto- 
rage-battery. The  upper  four  floors  contain  the  offices, 
shower  and  tub  bathrooms,  wash-basins,  lockers,  closets, 
etc..  for  the  use  of  the  operating  force. 

The  boiler  room  structure  has  a  basement  20  feet 
high,  two  boiler  rooms  one  over  the  other,  24  feet  and  18 
feet  high  respectively,  and  above  this  a  io,oco  ton  coal 
bunker  42  feet  high  surmounted  by  a  roof  in  the  form  of 
a  series  of  monitors  joined  by  portions  of  flat  concrete 
roof. 

Adjoining  the  northeast  corner  of  the  boiler  room  on 
the  river  side  is  a  coal-  and  ash-handling  tower  ;i;i  feet 
square  and  93  feet  high  from  the  top  of  the  building 
foundation  to  the  track  for  the  revolving  hoist  tower. 
The  coal  tower  is  built  of  steel  and  brick,  and  corre- 
sponds to  the  main  building  in  architectural  treatment. 
The  railroad  switches  pass  through  arched  openings  on 
the  level  of  the  foundations. 

The  floors,  roofs,  coal-bunkers,  and  ash-bins  are  con- 
structed of  concrete  arches  on  I-beams,  using  the  Roeb- 
ling  system  of  !=teel  reinforcement. 

Engines:  There  are  installed  five  engines  built  by 
the  Allis-Chalmers  Company,  direct  connected  to 
3-phase.  25-cj'cle,  alternating-current  generators  built  by 
the  Westinghouse  Electric  and  Manufacturing  Company. 
There  are  two  1.500-kw.  units  and  three  3.000-kw.  units. 
The  engines  are  of  the  vertical  Reynolds-Corliss  type 
with  steam  and  exhaust  valves  placed  in  the  cylinder 
heads.  The  generators  are  mounted  between  the  two 
cylinders  and  adjacent  to  large  fly-wheels,  the  weight  of 
the  fly-wheels  being  155.000  pounds  for  the  i.5CO-kw. 
units  and  310.000  pounds  for  the  3.ocio-kw.  units.  The 
principal  dimensions  of  the  engines  arc  as  follows  : 


ij6  The   St.    L  o  n  is 

3,000  kw.  1,500  kw. 

High-pressure  cylinder   ....     46  in.  diani.         32  in.  diam. 

Low-pressure  cylinder 94  in.     "  (14  in. 

Stroke    60  in.  60  in. 

Revolutions  per  minute   ....      75  75 

Steam  pressure i8o  lb.  180  lb. 

Each  engine  is  provided  with  a  receiver  between  the 
high-  and  low-pressure  cylinders,  having  a  volume  of  1.5 
times  the  low-pressure  cylinder.  The  cylinders  are  not 
jacketed  and  there  is  no  reheating  in  the  receivers.  The 
bed-plates  are  of  vertical  pattern  cast  with  oil  receptacles. 
The  bearings  are  water  jacketed  and  babbitt  lined.  The 
cross-head  slides  are  also  water  jacketed.  The  frames 
are  of  the  circular  "sweep  up"'  type  and  bored  to  form 
cross-head  guides.  The  galleries  are  of  cast  iron,  brack- 
eted and  carried  by  the  main  frame  having  brass  hand- 
rails with  polished  steel  stanchions. 

For  the  3.000-kw.  engines  the  cross-head  and  crank- 
pins  are  14  in.  by  14  in.  The  crank-shaft  is  37  in.  in 
diameter,  hollow  and  made  of  open-hearth  steel,  fluid- 
compressed,  oil-tempered,  hydraulically-forged.  The 
cranks  are  counterbalanced.  The  connecting-rods  are  of 
open-hearth  steel  with  bolted-strap  crank  ends.  The 
pistons  are  fitted  with  bull-rings  which  cover  the  entire 
face.  The  piston-rods  are  secured  to  the  cross-heads  by 
thread  and  jamb  nuts  for  equalizing  clearance  spaces. 
An  auxiliary  governor  is  provided  and  controls  a  but- 
terfly throttle-valve.  When  the  engine  speed  reaches  the 
predetermined  maximum  the  auxiliary  governor  trips  the 
butterfly  valve  and  shuts  off  steam.  The  engines  are 
designed  for  the  generators  to  run  in  parallel  and  regu- 
late within  2%  from  no  load  to  5o7c  overload.  The 
normal  load  for  these  engines  is  considered  4,600  i.h.p., 
but  the  engines  arc  built  to  carry  continuously  a  load  of 
7,000  i.h.p. 

The  1,500-kw.  units  are  similar  in  all  respects  to  the 
3,oco-kw.  units,  but  of  reduced  dimensions,  and  the  shafts 
are  solid.  The  engines  are  provided  with  permanent 
indicator  motions.  The  weight  of  the  larger  engine  is 
1,200,000  pounds  and  the  smaller  engine  600,000  pounds. 


/{ I  c  c  t  r  i  c  a  I    H  a  ii  d  b  o  o  k  lyy 

The  floor  space  reciuired  for  the  3,oco-k\v.  units  is  31  feet 
))\-  46  feet  and  for  the  i.5C'0-k\v.  units  25  feet  by  38.5  feet, 
riie  five  engine-units,  aggregating  u.ooo  k\v.,  with 
their  condensing  apparatus  and  exciters,  occupy  a  floor 
space  in  the  engine  room  204  feet  l)y  78  feet.  Two  2,000- 
k\v.  turbines  have  been  installed  in  part  of  this  area  and 
occupy,  with  their  au.xiliary  apparatus,  a  floor  space  of 
17  feet  by  20  feet  each,  just  east  of  the  1,500-kw.  engine 
units. 

Boilers:  There  are  installed  at  the  present  time  2(i 
intcrnally-th-ed  boilers  of  the  marine  type,  and  contracts 
have  been  awarded  for  2  additional  boilers  of  this  type 
and  40  additional  boilers  of  the  water.-tube  type.  The 
marine  boilers  are  ii  ft.  6  in.  in  diameter  and  24  ft.  over 
all.  Each  boiler  contains  two  44-in.  and  one  50-in.  cor- 
rugated suspension-type  furnace  7  ft.  6  in.  long.  These 
furnaces  terminate  at  the  rear  into  a  combustion  cham- 
ber. Leading  from  this  chamber  there  is  a  bank  of  fire- 
tubes  each  3.5  in.  in  diameter  and  1 1  ft.  long.  The  tubes 
are  spaced  4.73  in.  on  centers.  The  total  number  of 
tubes  to  each  boiler  is  408,  of  which  70  are  used  as  stay- 
tubes.  Each  furnace  is  provided  with  an  automatic 
stoker  of  the  Jones  underfeed  tyiie.  These  stokers  are 
capable  of  l)urning  in  each  boiler  a  minimum  of  2.800  lb. 
of  coal  i)er  hour  tuider  a  2  oz.  air  jjressure  ;  and  when 
coal  in  this  amount  is  burned  each  boiler  evaporates 
2i,oco  lb.  of  water  jier  hour  from  and  at  212  degrees  fahr. 

These  underfeed  stokers  require  forced  draft,  the  air 
being  blown  from  opposite  sides  directly  into  the  coal  in 
a  horizontal  jet.  induced  draft  is  also  used  to  keej)  up 
the  circulation  of  ga.ses  through  the  long  economizer 
pas.sages. 

I'^our  9  ft.  6  in.  diameter  fans  driven  by  single-cylinder 
engines  form  the  forced-draught  equii)ment  for  the  first 
installation  of  26  boilers.  The  furnaces  of  the  upper- 
deck  boilers  are  to  be  su]ii)lied  1)\'  individual  niotor- 
dri\'en  blower^.  Two  13  ft.  (i  in.  fans  drivi-n  1)_\-  double 
cylinder  simple  engines  are  used  for  induceil  draft  on 
the  economizer  lines. 

rif>iii_ii:     All    steam   ])i])ing   ;ni(l    lii,uh-i)ri  ssure    water 


178 


7" //  c   St.    L  0  11  is 


piping  is  of  boiler  tubing,  with  semi-steel  flanges  of  the 
tongue-and-groove  type  shrunk  on  and  riveted.  The 
joints  are  packed  with  sheet-rubber  gaskets.  '!"hc  circu- 
lating-water piping  and  the  main  exhaust-header  are  of 
riveted-plate  piping,  with  cast  flanges  riveted  on.  The 
central  feature  of  the  steam  piping  is  the  24-in.  steam- 
header  adjacent  to  the  dividing  wall  between  engine  and 
boiler-rooms  and  e(|ual  in  length  to  the  space  occupied 
bj'  the  26  marine  boilers.     The  boilers  are  connected  in 


Marine  lioiler— .\shley  Street  Plant 

pairs,  one  on  either  side  of  the  central  alley  running  the 
entire  length  of  the  boiler  room.  Each  pair  of  boilers 
discharges  steam  through  goose-neck  bends  into  a  com- 
mon pipe  parallel  to  the  axis  of  the  boiler  and  which 
enters  the  steam-header  opposite  the  pair  of  boilers,  there 
being  a  connection  into  the  steam-header  for  each  pair. 

Opposite  each  engine  a  connection  is  taken  ofif  from 
the  steam-header  which,  after  passing  through  a  steam 
separator,  goes  to  the  engines.  The  exhaust-pipe  from 
each  engine  has  a  connection  to  the  condenser  and  to  the 
atmospheric  exhaust-header  which  runs  along  the  engine- 
room  wall  in  the  basement  on  the  side  opposite  the  steam- 


Electrical    H  a  n  d  b  o  o  k  i/g 

header.  An  auxiliary  steam-header  for  supplying  the 
auxiliary  machinery  runs  underneath  the  hoiler-room 
floor  and  has  a  connection  erected  to  each  boiler. 

The  high-pressure  piping  for  the  additional  boiler 
equipment  is  to  be  extra-heavy  pipe  with  special  extra- 
heavy  screwed  flanges.  The  low-pressure  piping  is  to 
be  standard  weight  with  standard  fittings.  The  atmos- 
pheric exhaust-pipes  are  to  be  spiral  riveted. 

The  plans  for  the  steam  piping,  feed-water  piping, 
etc.,  for  the  additional  equipment  of  40  boilers,  have  not 
been  entirely  completed  at  this  writing. 

Condensing  System:  The  five  engine-units  are 
equipped  with  Wheeler  surface  condensers  each  contain- 
ing ii.oco  square  feet  of  condensing  surface  for  the 
3,000-kw.  units  and  5,500  square  feet  for  the  1,500-kw. 
units.  Each  condenser  has  a  bucket  air-pump  driven  by 
a  vertical  simple  engine.  The  two  2,000-kw.  turbine 
units  are  equipped  with  Wheeler  condensers,  each  having 
8.000  square  feet  condensing  surface,  suspended  by  means 
of  car-spring  hangers  from  the  floor-beams  under  the 
turbines.  Each  of  these  condensers  has  a  motor-driven 
Edwards  air-pump.  The  four  5,ooo-k\v.  turbine  units 
are  each  equipped  with  a  20,000  sq.  ft.  Worthington  sur- 
face condenser.  Each  of  these  has  a  rotative  steam  dry- 
vacuum  pump  and  a  motor-driven  centrifugal  wet- 
vacuum  pump.  The  air  pumps  all  discharge  into  a  large 
hot  well,  from  which  the  water  is  pumped  into  Hoppes 
open  heaters. 

Condensing  water  is  supplied  by  five  large  centrifugal 
pumps,  three  having  ,^0  in.  and  two  45  in.  discharge  open- 
ings. The  three  30  in.  pumps,  which  were  a  part  of  the 
original  installation,  are  located  in  the  boiler-room  base- 
ment. They  are  driven  by  four-valve,  vertical,  throt- 
tling engines.  These  pumps  supply  the  engine-units  and 
the  2,000-kw.  turbines.  The  two  45-in.  ])umps  which  are 
to  be  located  in  the  engine-room  will  supply  the  5,000- 
kw.  turbine  condensers.  Each  of  these  is  driven  by  an 
18  in.  by  38  in.  by  42  in.  steeple-compound  Corliss  con- 
densing engine.  The  i)ump  impellers  arc  designed  to  act 
as   fly-wheels   for   the   engines   and   are   mounted   on   the 


i8o 


T  he   St.    L  o  II 


Electrical    Ha  n  d  b  o  o  k 


i8i 


engine-shafts.  Each  of  the  45-in.  pumps  ha^  a  capacitj' 
of  70,000,000  gal.  of  water  per  day  against  a  head  of  40 
ft.  running  at  ico  rev.  per  min. 

An  idea  of  the  piping  of  the  circulating  suction- 
supply  and  discharge-pipes  may  be  gained  from  the 
sketch.  Fig.  i.  It  will  be  seen  from  this  diagram  that 
all  of  the  pumps  take  their  suction  from  two  steel  and 
concrete  chambers  located  deep  down  in  the  foundation 
of  the  coal-tower.  Plan  and  elevation  sections  of  these 
chambers  are  shown  in  Figs.  2  and  3.  These  chambers 
each  have  a  reinforced  steel-plate  screen  well  opening  out 


i— 


I^X-. 


jv"  "V^^  ■ 


!  i 


at  the  top  of  the  foundation.  Each  of  these  steel  wells 
has  two  screens  which  may  be  used  at  the  level  of  either 
of  the  two  gates,  and  may  be  raised  to  the  top  for  clean- 
ing. It  is  proposed  to  use  the  upper  sluice  gate  at  times 
of  high  water  to  avoid  drawing  in  the  mud  and  sand 
which  is  carried  in  suspension  in  greater  quantities  at 
the  lower  levels. 

The  ends  of  the  suction  ])ipes  are  five  feet  below  the 
low-water  line:  the  centres  of  the  pumps  are  13  feet 
above  low  water;  the  highest  point  in  the  circulating 
pipe-lines  is  40  feet  above,  and  the  ends  of  the  discharge 
pipes  are  6  feet  below  this  line,  so  that  at  times  of  ex- 
treme low  water  the  pumps  have  to  work  against  a  head 
fif  f)nlv  about  ten  feet  more  than  the  friction  head  after 


l82 


The   St.    Louis 


the  siphon  has  been  estabhshed.  It  will  be  noted  on  the 
plan  Fig.  i  that  there  is  a  30'-in.  by-pass  from  the  dis- 
charge-header to  each  suction-chamber.  These  are  to 
be  used  for  clearing  the  chambers  of  rubbish  or  ice. 

Oiling  System :  A  gravity  oiling  system  is  used.  Oil 
is  supplied  to  the  engine-i)earings  from  three  storage 
tanks  which  are  set  on  a  platform  between  the  engine- 
room  trusses  50  feet  above  the  engine-shafts.     Two  tanks 


are  for  engine-oil  and  one  for  cylinder-oil.  Engine-oi3 
runs  by  gravity  from  these  tanks  to  pressure  oil-cups 
located  on  the  bearings,  and  the  cylinder-oil  runs  by 
gravity  to  Richardson  oil-pumps  located  on  the  high-  and 
low-pressure  cylinder  of  each  engine.  After  the  engine- 
oil  has  gone  through  the  bearings  of  each  engine  it  re- 
turns by  gravity  to  two  Turner  oil-filters.  These 
filters  are  situated  in  the  basement  of  the  engine-room 
annex.  After  the  oil  passes  through  the  filters  it  runs 
into  a  reservoir,  from  which  small  steam-pumps  supply 


Electrical    Ha  ii  d  book  i8^ 

the  tanks  located  on  the  engine-room  roof-trusses.  Both 
cylinder-  and  engine-oils  are  pumped  from  the  basement 
to  the  supply  tanks  and  each  tank  is  supplied  with  an 
overtlow  which  runs  back  to  the  storage  tanks.  The 
overflow  connections  are  arranged  so  that  it  will  be  vis- 
ible at  a  glance  if  the  supply  tanks  on  the  engine-room 
trusses  are  receiving  the  required  quantity  of  oil  to  feed 
the  systems.  Both  cylinder-  and  engine-oil  are  run  from 
the  supply  tanks  on  the  engine-room  trusses  to  the  three 
30-in.  centrifugal  circulating  pump  engines  and  six  fan 
engines  located  in  the  boiler-room  basement.  As  these 
engines  are  located  below  the  filter  tanks,  the  waste-oil 
is  returned  to  the  filters  by  a  1.5  in.  motor-driven  cen- 
trifugal pump  which  is  arranged  to  pump  automatically. 

Coal-  and  Ash-Handling  Al^f^aratus:  As  shown  in 
Figs.  4  and  5,  the  plant  is  designed  to  have  a  railroad 
track  run  alongside  the  boiler-room  at  the  river  side. 
Coal  may  be  brought  to  the  plant  by  rail  or  by  barge.  At 
the  northeast  corner  of  the  boiler-room  a  coal-  and  ash- 
tower  is  designed  to  be  built  over  the  railroad.  The 
upper  part  of  the  tower  rests  on  a  turntable  and  is  capa- 
ble of  revolving  in  either  direction.  This  part  of  the 
tower  contains  all  the  turning,  hoisting,  and  cracking 
apparatus,  these  being  steam-driven.  The  revolving 
tower  is  equipped  with  a  50-foot  boom  and  the  hoisting 
of  coal  is  accomplished  by  a  two-rope  grab-bucket. 

'i'he  vertical  hoist  of  the  coal  is  107  feet  and  the  bucket 
makes  three  round  trips  per  minute,  taking  1,500  lb.  of 
coal  per  trip.  The  coal  is  thrown  from  the  bucket  into 
a  hopper  and  passes  b%-  gravity  into  two  crackers,  and 
from  the  crackers  by  gravity  into  a  lower  hopper,  from 
which  the  coal  passes  through  valves  into  automatic  side- 
dumping  four-ton  cable  cars.  The  cable  for  these  cars 
is  engine-driven.  The  cars  pass  from  the  coal-tower 
down  one  side  of  the  10,000  ton  overhead  coal-bunker 
and  back  on  the  other  side,  making  the  circuit  hack  to  the 
tower  and  automaticallj'  dropping  the  coal  at  whatever 
point  desired.  The  gauge  of  the  cable  road  is  20.5 
inches. 

From  the  overhead  bunker  the  coal  is  fed  bv  down- 


184  The    St.    Louis 

spouts  directly  into  the  nicclianical  stokers,  uhicli  are  of 
the  Jones  underfeed  type.  Each  furnace  is  provided 
with  an  individual  spout. 

From  each  furnace  ash-spouts  descend  into  an  ash- 
hopper,  there  heing  an  ash-hopper  for  each  pair  of  boil- 
ers installed.  These  hoppers  are  immediately  under  the 
lower  boiler-room  floor  and  are  fitted  with  ash-valves  at 
the  bottom,  through  which  the  ashes  pass  into  ash  cars 
running  on  an  industrial  railway  in  the  basement.  These 
cars  run  to  two  elevators  at  the  northeast  corner  of  the 
basement  and  are  elevated  to  the  level  of  the  top  of  the 
ash-tank  which  forms  the  lower  part  of  the  coal-tower, 
and  are  run  from  the  elevator  over  the  ash-tank  and 
dumped  into  it.  The  ashes  from  this  tank  pass  through 
valves  by  gravity  into  the  empty  coal  cars  or  out  into 
barges. 

Snwkc-Stacks:  For  the  26  boilers  alreadj-  installed 
2  brick  stacks  have  been  provided,  resting  on  concrete 
foundations  carried  down  to  bed  rock.  These  stacks  are 
14  fcei  mside  diameter  at  the  top  and  200  feet  high  above 
the  foundation. 

The  balance  of  the  Iioilers  which  remain  to  be  deliv- 
ered under  contract  and  which  were  not  contemplated  in 
the  original  design  of  the  boiler  room,  will  be  provided 
with  metal  stacks,  ten  in  all.  each  10  feet  in  diameter  and 
140  feet  high  above  the  grates  of  the  upper-deck  boilers. 

Economizers:  Two  large  sets  of  economizers  of  the 
Green  type  are  provided,  one  set  for  each  13  boilers  of 
the  original  installation.  Each  set  consists  of  nine  banks 
of  20  sections,  each  section  having  fourteen  12-foot  tubes. 
Each  set  is  guaranteed  to  raise  170.000  lb.  of  water  per 
hour  130  degrees  fahr.  with  flue-gases  entering  at  500 
degrees  fahr.  and  water  entering  at  ico  to  no  degrees 
fahr. 

Traveling  Crane:  The  engine-room  is  equipped  with 
a  large  traveling  crane  supported  by  a  girder  on  each 
side  of  the  engine-room  attached  by  brackets  to  the  steel 
colnmns  of  the  engine-room  walls.  The  crane  sweeps 
the  entire  space  covered  by  engines,  generators,  and  aux- 
iliary apparatus.     Tt  has  four  motors  operated  by  alter- 


Electrical    Handbook  i8=, 

nating  current  at  200  volts,  25  cycles.  It  has  a  capacity  of 
50  tons  with  a  speed  of  10  feet  per  minute  at  the  main 
hoist,  and  a  capacity  of  10  tons  with  a  speed  of  30  feet 
per  minute  at  the  auxiliary  hoist.  The  bridge  travel  is 
2C0  ft.  per  minute  and  the  trolley  travel  100  ft.  per  min- 
ute. The  maximum  travel  of  the  hook  is  76  ft.,  the  span 
76  ft.  and  the  weight  130.OCO  11). 

Engine-Driven  Generators:  '1-hese  are  standard 
Westinghouse  apparatus  with  three-phase.  2^  cycle,  6.6co 
volts  stationary  armature  with  the  revolving  field  fed  at 
ICO  volts  direct  current.  The  armature  frame  is  so 
mounted  as  to  permit  motion  in  a  horizontal  direction 
sutlicicnt  to  uncover  the  field  poles. 

I'ollowing  IS  a  tal)le  showing  the  guarantees  for  the 
performance  of  these  machines: 

1,500  kw.  3,000  kvv. 

Excitation  at  full  load  : 

100%  power-factor.  .   200  amperes  at     260  amperes  at 
100  volts  100  volts 

Regulation,  no  load  Xo 
full  load : 
100%  power-factor.  .  8%  8% 

Efficiency.  100%  power- 
factor  : 

Yi   load 91-5  94-25 

Va   load 94-  95-5 

Full    load 95-  95-5 

Temperature    rise,    90- 
100%  power-factor : 

Full  load  24  hrs 40  cent.  40  cent. 

25%  overload  24  hrs.        50     "  50     " 

50%  overload  i  hr.  .        60     "  60     " 

Steam  '/'iirhi)ies:  I  he  .\^hley  Street  i)lant  will  con- 
tain four  5,cco-kw.  and  two  2,000-kw.  turbine  units  of 
the  vertical  Curtis  tyjie.  both  turbine  and  generator  being 
built  by  the  General  Electric  Comi)any. 

As  stated  al)ove,  the  2.000-kw.  units  are  placed  in  the 
south  end  of  the  engine-room  opposite  the  1,500-kw. 
engine-unit ■<.      The    four    5,oco-kw.    turbines    are    to    be 


I'So 


T  he   St.    L  o  11  i  s 


placed  in  the  north  end  of  the  engine-room,  and,  togetlier 
with  their  condensing  apparatus  and  air-pumps,  will  oc- 
cupy a  floor  space  90  ft.  bj-  54  ft.  as  compared  with  204  ft. 
by  78  ft.  for  i2,oco  kw.  of  engine-driven  capacity. 

Szcitchboard:     'ihe  switchboard  is  built  to  accommo- 
date eleven  generating  units,  consisting  of  three  3,000-kw. 


Fig.  ;— .Switchboard — Ashley  Street  Plant 


and  two  1.500-kw.  engine-type  W'estinghouse  generators, 
four  5,oco-k\v.  and  two  2,oco-kw.  Curtis  turbine  units, 
with  all  auxiliary  and  exciting  apparatus  and  31  high- 
pressure  feeders. 

The  switchboard  apparatus  occupies  a  series  of  gal- 
leries across  the  south  end  of  the  engine-room.  There 
are  five  of  these,  designated  as  mezzanine  floor,  first 
(engine-room)    floor,   second,   third,   and    fourth    floors. 


Electrical    Handbook  18/ 

All  galleries,  with  the  exception  of  the  first  floor,  have 
railings  on  the  side  facing  the  engine-room. 

The  generator  oil-switches  and  generator  bus-bars, 
together  with  all  generator  and  feeder-control  apparatus,, 
are  located  on  the  fourth  floor.  On  the  third  floor  are 
located  the  generator  disconnecting  switches  and  the 
main  bus-bars.  The  second  floor  contains  the  feeder 
hook  selector-switches  and  the  non-automatic  feeder  oil- 
switches  ;  also  the  generator  field-rheostats.  The  first 
floor  contains  the  automatic  feeder  oil-switches  and  the 
auxiliarj-  low-pressure  control  panels.  On  the  mezza- 
nine floor  are  located  the  auxiliary  transformers,  bus- 
bars, oil  switches,  and  secondary  switches.  This  ar- 
rangement can  be  readily  followed  out  by  consulting 
Fig.  6,  which  shows  a  cross-secti(in  through  the  switch- 
board galleries. 

The  switchboard  apparatus  and  instruments  are  of  the 
Westinghouse  make.  The  oil-switch  and  bus-bar  cham- 
bers are  built  of  gray  pressed  brick  with  Alberene  stone 
barriers.  On  the  two  upper  galleries  the  selector  and 
generator  cables  are  carried  in  a  system  of  brick  and 
slate  ducts  covered  !)}•  a  false  floor  of  slate  plates.  The 
instrument  and  control  wires  are  enclosed  in  iron-pipe 
conduit  throughout. 

On  the  fourth  floor  the  generator  instrument  posts 
are  located  in  the  line  of  the  railing  and  serve  as  stanch- 
ions for  the  railings.  Each  generator  instrument  post 
carries  a  power-factor  meter,  two  alternatmg-current 
ammeters,  an  indicating  wattmeter  and  a  field  ammeter. 
The  .station  post,  which  occupies  a  central  position,  con- 
tains three  voltmeters,  one  for  each  set  of  bus-bars  and 
one  for  the  generator,  two  synchroscopes  and  a  direct- 
current  voltmeter. 

The  generator  control  pedestals  are  set  just  back  of 
the  instrument  posts  and  in  line  with  tluni.  so  that  the 
operator  can  see  generator  and  instruments  when  work- 
ing the  control-switches.  These  control  pedestals,  which 
are  16  in.  square  and  4  ft.  10  in.  high,  are  constructed  of 
cast  iron  and  marble  and  each  has  mounted  on  it  the 
following  a]iparatus: 


i88  The    St.    Louis 

Three  oil-switch  controllers, 

Field-switch  controller. 

Field-rheostat  controller. 

Voltmeter  receptacle. 

Synchronizing  receptacle. 

Signal  switch. 

Seven  telltale  and  signal  lamps. 
A  view  of  the  instrument  posts  and  control  pedestals  is 
shown  in  the  cut  P^ig.  7. 

Back  of  and  facing  the  control  pedestals  is  a  blue 
Vermont  switchboard,  44  ft.  long,  on  which  is  mounted 
the  control  apparatus  and  instruments  for  31  high-pres- 
sure feeders,  generator  wattmeters  and  station  ground- 
detectors.  Each  feeder  has  one  ammeter,  a  power-factor 
meter,  an  integrating  wattmeter,  two  oil-switch  controll- 
ers, two  mechanical  switch  indicators,  two  indicating 
lamps  and  a  time-limit  relay. 

Referring  to  diagram  Fig.  8.  it  will  be  seen  that  the 
generator  cables  lead  first  through  the  main  oil-switch  to 
the  generator  bus-bar  and  thence  through  selector  oil- 
switches  and  disconnecting  switches  to  one  of  the  two 
sets  of  main  bus-bars.  The  main  generator  switch  is 
first  closed  and  the  machine  is  synchronized  over  one  of 
the  selector  switches.  An  electrical  interlocking  connec- 
tion makes  it  impossible  to  operate  the  selector  switch 
other  than  the  one  over  which  it  is  being  synchronized. 

The  bus-bar  selection  for  a  feeder  is  made  by  means 
of  interlocking  hook-switches.  From  these  the  feeder 
passes  through  a  non-automatic  oil-switch  on  the  second 
floor,  then  through  an  automatic  oil-switch  on  the  first 
floor  and  out  underground  under  the  mezzanine  floor. 
These  oil-switches  and  generator  switches  are  Type  C 
size. 

One  set  of  selector  and  feeder  switches  is  used  to 
supply  the  auxiliary  high-pressure  bus-bars  which  are 
located  on  the  mezzanine  floor.  To  these  bars  two  sets 
of  three  loo-kw.  transformers  are  connected  through 
Type  E  oil-switches,  for  supplying  current  to  the  auxil- 
iary alternating-current  low-pressure  bus-bars  at  2CO 
volts. 


7:  I  c  c  t  r  i  c  a  I    H  a  ii  d  b  o  a  k 


i8g 


The  auxiliary  and   exciter   switcliboanl   which   is   lo- 
cated  at   the    front   of  tlie   first-floor   arallerv   facing  the 


mmmmmm 


■  OI?0t"-S-Grc-.T10.V-TMROtK;M-S>VN/IXCM-8eV\RD- 

•  ,'<iJ*,\-.TL-^  ■  OT-  pcy-v/w  -r- 

engine-room  is  hnilt  of  bine  W'rmont  niarhie  jianels  and 
is  41  ft.  long. 

On  the  east  panels  of  this  switchboard  arc  mounted 
the  alternating-current  JOO-volt  switches  and  instru- 
ments, sui)|)lying  current    fur  the  exciter  motors,  crane, 


igo  The   St.    Louis 

and  other  auxiliary  apparatU'^.  'Die  west  end  is  devoted 
to  the  exciters,  battery,  direct-current  lighting  and  con- 
trol circuits,  and  on  the  last  six  panels  are  mounted  the 
electrically-operated  field  switches  for  the  generators. 
One  cable  is  led  from  each  of  the  field  switches  up  to  the 
second  floor  to  the  electrically-controlled  field  rheostat. 
The  five  rheostats  for  the  engine-driven  generators  are 
of  the  standard  Westinghouse  make  and  the  six  turbine 
generator  rheostats  are  standard  General  Electric. 

Tn  addition  to  the  two  loo-kw.  engine-driven  exciter 
units  there  are  two  lOO-kw.  Westinghouse  exciters  direct 
connected  to  induction  motors.  An  Electric  Storage 
Battery  Company  battery  of  "8  cells,  type  G  39,  is  used 
on  the  exciter  l)us-l)ars.  This  battery  is  connected  di- 
rectly across  the  bus-bars  with  an  end-cell  switch  and  is 
•charged  by  means  of  a  Western  Electric  shunt  booster 
driven  by  a  iJ5-volt  direct-current  motor. 

The  exciter  bus-bars,  which  also  supply  current  for 
station  lighting  and  for  the  electrically-operated  valves, 
are  operated  at  a  pressure  of  125  volts.  There  are  six 
high-pressure  and  se\'en  low-pressure  valves  operated  by 
direct-current  motors. 

The  auxiliary  apparatus  in  addition  to  the  two  exciter 
units  which  is  to  I)e  driven  by  3-phase  200-volt  induc- 
tion motors  are :  the  50-ton  crane  described,  with  the 
mechanical  equipment ;  two  lo-li.p.  motors  driving  the 
scrapers  on  the  Green  economizers  ;  two  30-h.p.  motors 
driving  Edwards  triplex  air  pumps  for  the  condensers  of 
the  2,000-kw.  turbines  ;  tw(~i  30-h.p.  motors  driving  10  in. 
centrifugal  sump  pumps;  four  15-h.p.  motors  driving 
Worthington  centrifugal  air-pumps  for  the  condensers 
of  the  5,000-kw.  turbines,  and  a  number  of  smaller  mo- 
tors, driving  pumps,  tools,  etc. 

The  building  is  lighted  throughout  l)y  incandescent 
lamps  placed  in  rows  along  the  galleries  and  relieved  by 
clusters  on  the  pilasters. 

The  cables  leading  from  the  generators  to  the  switch- 
board are  rubber-insulated  and  have  lead  sheaths  up  to 
the  points  where  they  go  under  the  false  floors.  All  the 
high-pressure    wiring    about    the    switchboard    structure 


Electrical    Handbook 


IQI 


1(^2  The    St.    Louis 

and  under  the  false  floors  is  rnbber-covcred,  protected 
with  tire-proiit  hraid.  The  high-pressure  cables  from  the 
four  smaller  generators  are  three-conductor ;  those  from 
the  seven  large  machines  are  single-conductor.  The 
cables  from  the  engine-driven  units  arc  carried  out  to  the 
west  side  of  the  engine-room  through  ducts  built  into 
the  engine  foundations.  They  then  enter  a  vitrified  con- 
duit run  which  is  built  on  the  mezzanine  floor  along  the 
west  wall  and  swings  over  to  the  switchboard  gallery  col- 
umns in  a  long  radius  curve  suspended  from  the  floor- 
beams  above.  The  cables  for  the  5,COO-kw.  turbine  units 
and  for  the  storage-battery  occupy  the  lower  ducts  of 
this  run.  The  generator  leads  leave  this  conduit  at  the 
columns  and  run  up  to  the  fourth  gallery  in  deep  flutings 
made  in  the  backs  of  the  terra  cotta  which  encases  the 
columns. 

The  cables  from  the  exciter  units  and  the  2,000-kw. 
turbines  which  are  located  on  the  east  side  of  the  engine- 
room  are  pulled  into  a  vertical  row  of  vitrified  ducts  laid 
along  the  face  of  the  east  wall  covered  by  a  brick  wains- 
coting. 

Ihe  low  pressure  au.xiliary  cables  are  all  lead  covered 
and  are  carried  on  hangers  made  of  oak  and  channel- 
irons  up  to  the  points  where  they  enter  the  vitrified  con- 
duit runs. 

The  main  feeder-caliles  are  carried  from  the  floor- 
tubes  under  the  oil-switches  on  glass  insulators  mounted 
on  lines  of  special  oak  cross-arms  suspended  from  the 
floor-beams  of  the  first  floor.  At  the  south  wall  these 
cables  pass  into  the  brass  bells  of  the  three-conductor, 
lead-covered,  outgoing  feeder-cables.  These  cables  are 
carried  down  the  wall  on  iron  supports  through  the  mez- 
zanine floor  and  are  then  carried  horizontally  to  the 
ducts  leading  out  to  the  manholes.  The  accompanying 
sketch.  I-^ig.  g.  shows  the  method  of  fanning  out  the  cables 
on  the  south  wall  under  the  first  floor  and  the  arrange- 
ment of  manholes  and  conduits  which  has  been  adopted 
to  lead  the  feeders  out  from  the  plant.  These  cables  are 
carried   out   in  two  groups,  which  are  kept   in  separate 


Electrical    Handbook 


193 


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diict-runs  and  in  separate  manholes  after  leaving  the 
plant. 

The  two  manholes  at  the  south  end  of  the  plant  and 
fonr  others  in  the  immediate  vicinity,  which  are  sub- 
merged at  times  by  extreme  high  water,  are  made  water- 
proof and  are  provided  with  water-tight  inner  covers. 
These  manholes  are  connected  by  a  system  of  drains  to 
a  sump  which  has  a  6-in.  suction-pipe  leading  to  a  pump 
in  the  plant. 

Exciters:  Four  loo-kw.  exciter  sets  have  been  pro- 
vided, two  of  them  driven  by  25-cycle,  3-phase,  200- 
volt  induction  motors,  and  two  by  single-cylinder,  ver- 
tical Buckeye  engines.  These  units  deliver  current  to 
the  exciter  bus-bars  at  125  volts. 

THE  IMPERIAL  PLANT 

Building 

The  plant  is  located  at  the  southeast  corner  of  Tenth 
and  St.  Charles  streets,  on  a  lot  having  a  frontage  of 
235  ft.  on  St.  Charles  street  by  85  ft.  2.3  in.  on  Tenth 
street  and  98  feet  on  the  east  line.  An  exterior  view  of 
the  building  is  shown  in  Fig.  i.  Fig.  2  gives  a  sec- 
tional view  of  the  building,  and  Fig.  3  a  plan  of  the 
engine  and  dynamo  room. 

The  main  building  is  of  dark  red  brick,  three  stories 
high  above  the  basement  and  of  the  same  dimensions  as 
the  lot  above  the  street  level.  The  second  story  is  omit- 
ted everywhere  except  over  the  main  office,  thus  giving  a 
clear  height  in  the  engine  and  boiler  rooms  of  30  ft.  The 
third  story,  which  is  15  ft.  high,  is  devoted  to  store  rooms, 
testing  department,  etc.  The  entire  structure  is  fire- 
proof. All  floors  are  of  cinder  concrete  carried  on  cor- 
rugated iron  arches  sprung  between  I  beams.  The  roof 
is  of  book  tile  with  composition  gravel  covering.  En- 
gine and  boiler  rooms  extend  the  entire  length  of  the 
building,  and  are  separated  by  a  division  wall  having  fire 
doors  at  all  openings.  Beneath  the  engine  room  are  the 
storage  batteries,  extending  partly  under  the  sidewalk. 
Beneath  the  boiler  room  is  space  for  coal   storage,  ash 


Electrical    II  a  ii  d  b  o  o  k 


195 


handling,  and  the  location  of  condensing  apparatus  and 
piping.  Ihe  floor  of  the  engine  room  is  laid  with  hex- 
agonal tile,  and  the  walls  for  6  ft.  above  the  floor  are 
wainscoted  with  marble.  On  part  of  the  lot  just  east  of 
the  brick  building  is  erected  a  temporary  building  of 
wood  and  corrugated  iron  sheltering  a  1,500-kw.  West- 
inghouse  unit  and  the  city  arc  lighting  plant. 

Boilers:     There  are  four  445  h.p.  and  eight  360  h.p. 


t....  i    <:»■>'  Suiiu.\  ui  rt- 


Heine  boilers.  Each  boiler  has  a  guaranteed  efficiency 
of  70  per  cent,  of  the  calorific  value  of  the  coal  at  any 
load  between  rating  and  20  per  cent,  above.  This  is 
equivalent  to  evaporating  7.JI  pounds  of  water  per  pound 
of  Mount  Olive  Illinois  nut  coal  of  10,600  B.t.u.  The 
boilers  are  designed  for  a  working  pressure  of  175  pounds 
per  square  inch,  and  were  tested  under  a  hydrostatic 
pressure  of  250  jxhukN.      I'lu-  entrainnient  is  guaranteed 


1(^6 


The    St.    Louis 


to  be  less  than  i  per  cent,  at  rating,  and  not  more  than 
1.5  per  cent,  at  one-third  above  rating. 

Chimneys:  The  boilers  are  served  by  three  steel 
stacks,  two  7  ft.  and  one  8  ft.  inside  diameter,  140  ft.  high 
above  street  level.  They  are  self-supporting  and  un- 
lined.  The  bases  are  supported  upon  and  rigidly  bolted 
to  massive  brick  foundations  14  ft.  deep,  and  which  are 
solid  except  for  the  ash-car  passage  which  extends 
through  them. 

Coal  and  Asli  Handling:  Coal  is  dumped  from  wag- 
ons through  openings  in  the  alley  wall  of  the  boiler  room 
on  the  floor  directlv  in   front  of  the  boilers,  which  are 


Enaime  Rooh 


fired  by  hand.  The  ash  handling  plant  is  of  simple  and 
economical  design,  and  consists  of  a  system  of  cars, 
tracks,  elevator  and  overhead  ash-bins.  The  cinders  and 
ash  from  the  lower  grates  drop  directly  into  a  metallic 
ash-hopper  under  each  boiler.  Running  east  and  west 
immediately  under  these  hoppers  there  is  a  narrow  gauge 
track.  The  ash  is  dumped  from  these  hoppers  into  small 
cars,  which  are  pushed  by  hand  along  the  track  to  an 
elevator,  on  which  the  cars  are  raised.  The  ash  is  then 
dumped  into  an  overhead  ash-bin,  from  which  it  runs  by 
gravity  into  the  wagons  in  the  alley. 

Steam  Engines:     There  are  two  engines   (Fig  6)   of 


Electrical    Handbook  ipy 

the  Williams  vertical  two-cylinder,  cross-compound,  con- 
densing, automatic  cut-off  pattern,  built  by  William  Tod 
&  Co.  of  Youngstown,  Ohio,  and  designed  for  direct  con- 
nection to  the  dynamos  by  means  of  the  "Arnold  Sys- 
tem." The  east  engine.  No.  i,  is  of  750  i.h.p.,  and  is  de- 
signed for  driving  one  500-k\v.  generator.  Engine  No. 
2  has  double  the  capacity,  and  is  similar  in  design  to  No. 
I.     Both  are  designed  to  run  at  150  rev.  per  min. 

Their  dimensions  are  : 

Engine  No.  i — Cylinders,  18  in.  and  40  in.  by  30  in. 

Engine  No.  2 — Cylinders,  26  in.  and  57  in.  by  30  in. 

A  1.500  h.p.  engine,  designed  and  built  by  the  Lake 
Erie  Engineering  Works,  Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  has  been  in- 
stalled, direct  connected  to  two  500-kw.  generators.  Di- 
mensions of  cylinders.  23  in.  and  48  in.  by  36  in. ;  speed, 
120  rev.  per  min. 

Another  2,250  h.p.  cross-compound  horizontal  engine, 
built  by  the  Fulton  Iron  Works  of  this  city,  has  been 
installed  for  operating  a  i. 500-kw.  Westinghouse  gen- 
erator. Dimensions  of  cylinders,  34  in.  and  56  in.  by 
54  in. ;  speed,  80  rev.  per  min. 

Condensers,  Ptitnps  and  Cooling  Toicer:  The  con- 
densing plant  consists  of  one  Worthington  surface  con- 
denser, one  Worthington  cooling  tower,  two  air  pumps 
and  two  circulating  pumps  of  the  rotary  type.  The  rated 
capacity  of  the  plant  is  33,750  lb.  of  steam  per  hour,  but  it 
will  take  care  of  overloads  up  to  49,500  lb.  per  hour  with 
but  slight  reduction  in  vacuum.  It  is  guaranteed  to  pro- 
duce a  vacuum  of  not  less  than  22  in.  at  above  rating  and 
under  the  worst  conditions  of  service ;  25  in.  under  fair 
and  average  conditions,  and  26  in.  under  the  best.  The 
condenser  has  34,000  square  feet  of  brass  tube  cooling 
surface. 

The  cooling  tower,  located  on  the  roof,  is  18  ft.  in 
diameter,  29  ft.  high  and  its  filling  or  cooling  surface  is 
composed  of  galvanized  iron  pipe  cylinders.  It  has  du- 
l)!icatc  fans  located  on  opposite  ends  of  the  same  shaft 
drawing  air  into  the  tower.  These  fans  are  driven  by  a 
belted  motor  in  pent  house  on  top  of  the  building. 

There  are  two  air  pumps,  one  of  sufficient  capacity  to 


/p<§  The    St.    Louis 

handle  the  water  for  the  1,500  h.p.  engine,  and  the  other 
of  sufficient  capacity  for  750  h.p.  engine,  and  two  inde- 
pendent rotary  circulating  pumps  of  the  same  capacities. 
These  pumps  are  driven  by  direct-geared  motors,  so  de- 
signed that  the  speed  may  be  varied  at  least  S3  i-3  P"-''' 
cent. 

It  will  be  noted  from  the  capacity  of  condensing  appa- 
ratus installed  that  a  large  part  of  the  plant  is  now  run- 
ning non-condensing. 

Power  Traiisiiiissioii  System:  The  two  Williams  en- 
gines and  three  generators  are  connected  by  means  of 
the  Arnold  system  of  power  transmission  (see  Fig.  6). 
consisting  of  quills  and  internal  shafts  with  double  bear- 
ings, connected  by  magnetic  clutclies.  The  arrangement 
was  intended  to  make  it  possible  to  drive  any  one,  two  or 
all  three  of  the  500-kw.  generators,  and  either  one  or  both 
of  the  boosters,  from  the  large  engine  in  case  of  accident 
to  the  small  engine.  Two  generators  and  one  booster 
may  also  be  handled  by  the  small  engine  in  case  of  acci- 
dent to  the  large  one. 

The  generators  are  connected  to  the  engines  by  means 
of  magnetic  couplings,  so  arranged  that  either  interme- 
diate generator  of  booster  may  be  disconnected  from  one 
engine  and  connected  to  the  other  while  all  are  in  motion. 
When  it  is  desired  to  start  up  a  generator,  it  is  brought 
up  to  speed  as  a  motor  and  then  connected  to  the  engine 
by  the  magnetic  clutches. 

Pipe  Work:  The  entire  high  pressure  system  is  de- 
signed to  operate  under  a  working  pressure  of  175  pounds 
per  square  inch,  and  was  tested  to  250  pounds  hydro- 
static pressure.  All  fittings  are  extra  heavy.  All  pipe 
above  three  inches  in  diameter  has  flanged  couplings  and 
fittings.  All  valves  on  live  steam  pipes  and  on 
the  feed  water  connections  under  boiler  pressure  are 
bronze  seated.  All  valves  above  10  inches  in  diameter 
are  by-passed.  The  cylinder  jackets,  reheaters,  sepa- 
rators, steam  headers  and  the  entire  pipe  system  is 
drained  by  means  of  the  Holley  system.  There  is  a  com- 
bined hot  well  and  oil  filter  located  between  the  con- 
denser and  boiler   feed  pumps.     All  the  pipes  are  cov- 


Electrical    Handbook  ipp 

ered  with  magnesia.  Each  engine  has  a  Cochran  sepa- 
rating receiver  located  near  the  main  throttle  valve.  Oil 
extractors  are  located  between  exhaust  pipe  and  con- 
densers. A  suitable  blow-off  tank  is  provided  and  con- 
nected to  boiler  furnaces,  oil  extractors  and  other  hot- 
water  drains,  with  suitable  discharge  to  catch-basin, 
which  in  turn  overflows  to  sewer. 

Ciciicrators  and  Boosters:  There  are  three  500-volt, 
constant  potential,  electric  generators,  built  by  the  Sie- 
mens &  Halskc  r'lectric  Compan\-  of  America,  of  the 
internal  iron-clad  armature  type.  L'hey  are  designed  spe- 
cially to  suit  the  system  of  power  transmission  adopted. 
The  field  frames  of  the  generators  may  be  slid  parallel 
with  the  shaft  a  sufficient  distance  for  reaching  the  arma- 
ture for  repairs.  The  capacity  of  each  generator  is  500 
kw.  at  5J5  volts  when  operated  at  150  rev.  per  min. 

There  are  two  separately  excited  shunt-wound  boost- 
ers, each  of  50  kw.  capacity  at  150  rev.  per  min.,  and 
capable  of  carrying  500  amperes  and  delivering  any  volt- 
age from  zero  to  130  volts.  The  boosters  are  of  the  same 
general  con.struction  and  design  as  the  generators,  except 
that  the  field  frames  are  divided  vertically.  There  are 
also  two  30-kw.  Western  Electric  boosters  direct  con- 
nected to  a  soo-volt  motor. 

There  are  two  500-kw.,  500-volt  Siemens  &  Halske 
generators  operating  at  120  rev.  per  min.  and  driven  by 
the  Erie  engine.  These  dynamos  are  similar  in  design 
to  those  already  described  except  that  their  rating  is  more 
liberal  and  they  have  greater  overload  capacities.  The 
generator  driven  by  the  Fulton  engine  is  a  shunt  wound 
1. 500-kw.,  500-volt  Westinghouse  machine,  designed  to 
run  at  80  rev.  per  min. 

Rotary  Converters:  There  are  two  500-kw.  West- 
inghouse rotary  converters  which  deliver  direct  current 
at  500  volts  to  the  main  bus-bars,  running  in  parallel  with 
the  steam  driven  generators.  These  rotaries  are  supplied 
with  3-phase,  i5-cycle  current  at  6,600  volts  from  the 
Ashley  Street  plant.  This  voltage  is  stepped  down 
through  three    187-kw.   air-cooled  transformers   for  each 


200  The    Si.    L  o  II  i  s 

machine.     Two    50-k\v.    induction    regulators    and    two 
blowers  are  installed  in  connection  with  this  apparatus. 

C"//_v  Lighting  Station:  In  the  temporary  building 
east  of  the  main  engine  room  are  installed  six  sets  of 
series  arc  lighting  apparatus.  Each  set  consists  of  a  200 
h.p.,  500-volt  Western  Electric  Company  motor  driving 
two  no-light  6.8  ampere  Western  Electric  Company 
series,  direct-current,  arc  lighting  machines. 

S%i.'itchhoard:  The  switchboard  at  the  Imperial  plant 
is  divided  into  five  separate  parts ;  the  main  board,  the 
auxiliary  board,  the  arc  motor  board,  series  arc  lighting 
board,  and  the  6,600-volt  alternating-current  board. 

The  main  board  is  provided  with  two  sets  of  bus- 
bars for  the  250-500  volt  direct  current  distribution.  It 
consists  of  twenty  panels  of  two-inch  black  enameled 
slate  as  follows :  Four  panels  for  the  rotary  converters ; 
six  panels  for  the  generators ;  two  booster  panels  ;  two 
battery  panels,  and  six  feeder  panels. 

The  auxiliary  board  contains  switches  and  apparatus 
for  operating  the  auxiliary  motors.  (In  this  connection 
it  might  be  stated  that  the  plant  was  designed  to  have  all 
pumping  apparatus  motor  driven,  but,  with  the  exception 
of  the  air  pumps  and  cooling  tower,  all  of  this  apparatus 
has  been  replaced  with  steam  driven  apparatus.) 

The  arc  motor  board  consists  of  three  marble  panels 
containing  apparatus  and  instruments  for  starting  and 
controlling  the  six  200  h.p.  Western  Electric  Company 
motors. 

The  series  arc  lighting  switchboard  consists  of  three 
marble  panels  containing  instruments  and  plug  and  cord 
switches  for  twelve  series  arc  lighting  machines  and 
twelve  city  lighting  circuits. 

The  6,600-volt  switchboard  consists  of  three  panels 
having  the  necessary  oil  switches  and  instruments  for 
one  2,000-kw.  incoming  feeder  and  for  the  two  sets  of 
air  cooled  transformers  for  tw^o  500-kw.  Westinghouse 
rotaries. 

Storage  Battery:  There  are  296  cells  of  the  Electric 
Storage  Battery  Company's  accumulators,  each  contain- 
ing fourteen  positive  ]\Ianchester-type  plates  and  fifteen 


E  I  c  c  t  r  i  c  a  I    H  a  n  d  b  o  o  k  201 

negative  chloride  plates.  These  are  contained  in  lead- 
lined  wooden  tanks  which  are  supported  on  large  porce- 
lain insulators.  The  capacity  of  this  battery  is  2,000  am- 
pere hours  at  a  discharge  rate  of  250  amperes,  and  it  is 
capable  of  maintaining  a  niaxinnun  discharge  rate  of 
i,coo  amperes  for  one  hour.  It  is  guaranteed  to  give  a 
discharge  of  500  kw.  for  one  hour  without  a  drop  in 
pressure  below  1.7  volts  per  cell. 

The  battery  as  mentioned  above  is  located  in  the  base- 
ment, partly  under  the  engine  room,  partly  under  the 
sidewalk. 

The  growth  of  this  plant  is  indicated  by  the  ma.ximum 
output  as  given  below,  for  the  end  of  the  first,  second, 
and  fifth  year  of  its  operation.  The  following  tabulation 
gives  also  the  average  output  for  24  hours  and  the  load 
factor,  or  the  percentage  that  the  average  output  is  to  the 
ma.ximum  : 


Average 

Maximum 

Load 
Factor 

T.o.-id  1st  year.. 

2,200  amperes 

5,600  amperes 

40% 

Ijiad  2(1  year.  . 

6.350 

13,000        " 

50% 

Load  5th  year.. 

11,000        " 

21,000        " 

52% 

MISSOURI  EDISON  ST.ATION  "A" 

This  station  was  the  one  originally  built  by  the  ^lis- 
souri  I'^lectric  Light  &  Power  Company,  'ihe  building  is. 
135  ft.  by  155  ft.,  being  divided  longitudinally  into  two 
rooms,  one  152  ft.  by  63  ft.,  containing  engine  and  gen- 
erator plant  and  switchboard;  the  other,  152  ft.  by  67  ft., 
CDUtainiug  the  boiler  i)laut.  The  construction  is  of  brick 
and  stone,  with  ircm  and  slate  roof.  The  building  is  one 
story,  and  35  feel  high. 

The  generating  apparatus  of  this  station  consists  of 
three  1,200  h.p.  three-cylinder  compdiuid  engines,  built  by 
the  Lake  Erie  luigineering  Works,  direct  coupled  to 
three  (Sco-kw.  alternating-current  generators,  built  by 
tlic  Westiughduse  I'.kelric  and  .Manufacturing  Com- 
pany; one  20  in.  and  36  in.  by  18  in.  Westinghouse  com- 
pound   engine    direct    connected   to   a   Westinghouse    dy- 


2o2  The   St.    Louis 

namo,  i.ioo  volts,  136  amperes,  212  rev.  per  min. ; 
three  120  li.p.  Westinghouse  compound  engines  direct 
connected  to  two  75-k\v.  Westinghouse  125- volt  direct- 
current  generators  and  one  ioo-k\v.  General  Electric  125- 
volt  direct-current  generator,  all  three  being  used  for 
exciters.  The  steam  is  generated  by  fourteen  208  h.p. 
and  four  235  h.p.  Babcock  &  Wilcox  boilers. 

Generators:  The  8oo-kw.  generators  are  designed 
to  operate  at  180  rev.  per  min.  and  deliver  current  at  a 
pressure  of  from  1,100  to  1,300  volts  at  a  frequency  of  60 
cycles.  They  are  of  the  stationary  field  type,  being  sim- 
ilar in  design  to  the  modern  direct-current  railway  gen- 
erator of  large  size,  the  commutator,  of  course,  1)eing  re- 
placed by  collector  rings.  The  winding  is  so  designed 
that  these  machines  may  be  used  either  single-phase  or 
two-phase  as  desired,  the  entire  amount  of  copper  being 
utilized  in  circuit  when  operated  in  either  way.  The  rat- 
ing of  these  generators  is  based  on  their  single-phase 
capacity,  but  a  large  margin  for  overload  was  provided 
in  their  design,  and  they  are  regularly  operated  for  sev- 
eral hours  per  day  during  the  winter  months  at  an  output 
of  1,200  kw.  each.  With  this  load  the  rise  in  temperature 
of  all  parts  of  the  machines  is  hardly  appreciable. 

The  armatures  are  ten  feet  in  diameter  and  weigh 
about  80,000  pounds,  providing  ample  fly-wheel  capacity 
within  themselves  without  any  additional  wheel.  The 
mechanical  features  of  each  of  these  generators  are  so 
arranged  that  the  entire  field  frame  may  be  moved  in  a 
direction  longitudinally  with  the  shaft,  by  means  of  suit- 
able screws,  to  a  position  where  the  armature  is  com- 
pletely uncovered  for  inspection  and  repairs  and  where 
field  coils  may  he  removed  from  the  pole  pieces  with  ease. 

Engines:  1  he  engines,  being  provided  with  three 
cylinders,  distribute  the  power  through  three  cranks 
placed  at  angles  of  120  degrees. 

The  regulation  of  the  engines  is  effected  by  governors 
of  the  shaft  type,  but  of  special  design.  Connected  to  the 
rocker  arm  operating  the  high  pressure  admission  valves 
on  each  engine  is  a  double  acting  air  compression  cylin- 
der.    This  acts  as  an  inertia  balance  to  arrest  the  motion 


]^  I  c  c  f  r  1  c  a  I    Handbook  20^ 

of  the  valve  at  the  end  of  each  stroke,  storing  up  energy, 
which  is  dehvered  to  the  valve  again  on  beginning  the 
new  stroke.  The  two  ends  of  this  compression  cylinder 
are  connected  to  each  other  through  a  by-pass  pipe  and 
hand  valve,  by  means  of  which  the  amount  of  compres- 
sion can  be  controlled  at  will.  The  effect  of  this  inertia 
balance  is  to  relieve  the  governor  of  a  great  deal  of  the 
pressure  which  would  be  thrown  upon  it  at  certain  por- 
tions of  each  revolution.  By  varying  the  amount  of  re- 
lief to  the  governor  afforded  in  this  way,  by  means  of  the 
by-pass  valve,  the  speed  of  the  engine  may  be  varied 
between  5  and  10  per  cent. 

Exciters:  The  exciters  are  of  the  type  of  direct- 
coupled,  direct-current,  multipolar  generators  l)uilt  by 
the  Westinghouse  and  General  Electric  companies.  Each 
is  of  a  capacity  sufficient  to  e.xcite  the  fields  of  all  the 
generators  in  the  station,  two  relays,  or  spare  generators, 
therefore,  being  ready  at  all  times  in  case  of  accident. 

Boilers  and  Smokestacks:  The  boilers  are  of  the 
Babcock  &  Wilcox  type,  and  are  operated  at  150  lb.  pres- 
sure.    The  furnaces  are  designed  for  hand-firing. 

The  products  of  combustion  are  led  through  under- 
ground flues  to  two  steel  smokestacks,  one  150  ft.  high 
by  ID  ft.  in  diameter,  and  the  other  135  ft.  high  by  8  ft.  in 
diameter.  These  stacks  are  bolted  at  the  base  to  con- 
crete foundations. 

Szvitchboard:  The  switchboard  is  built  of  white  Ital- 
ian marble  and  is  58  ft.  long  and  16  ft.  high.  It  is 
constructed  with  two  floors  at  different  levels^  and  a  lib- 
eral basement  is  provided  for  cables,  rheostats  and  feeder 
regulators.  The  upper  portion  of  the  board  provides 
room  for  56  feeders  and  the  lower  portion  will  accommo- 
date all  the  apparatus  for  regulating  and  controlling  six 
generators.  The  lio.nrd  is  so  designed  that  all  generators 
are  oi)erate(l  independently  and  the  feeders  grouped  at 
will  on  any  generator  desired.  The  utmost  flexibility  of 
operation  is  thereby  provided  for.  The  feeders  may  be 
switched  at  will  from  any  one  of  the  generator  busses  to 
any  other,  without  interrupting  the  current  for  more 
than  a  fraetion;tl  ])art  of  a  second. 


204  The   St.    L  o  II  i  s 

Each  feeder  is  provided,  in  addition  to  its  switch,  witli 
an  ammeter,  voltmeter  and  potential  regulator.  Each 
potential  regulator  consists  of  a  regulating  transformer, 
which  is  made  by  means  of  suitable  sw'itching  devices  to 
add  more  or  less  of  its  secondary  potential  to  that  of  the 
feeder.  Each  regulator  is  hung  under  and  supported  by 
the  upper  floor  of  the  switchboard  and  is  provided  with  a 
switch  dial  controlled  by  a  wheel  on  the  front  of  the 
board  within  reach  from  the  main  station  floor.  By 
means  of  these  switch  dials  the  pressure  of  each  feeder 
may  be  independently  raised  or  lowered  iS  per  cent., 
making  a  total  possible  independent  variation  of  36  per 
cent. 

The  entire  regulation  of  both  feeders  and  generators 
is  accomplished  from  the  main  floor  of  the  engine  room, 
the  second  floor  of  the  switchboard  being  used  only  when 
feeder  switches  are  to  be  thrown.  A  gallery  is  provided 
at  a  third  level  along  the  rear  of  the  switchboard,  from 
which  feeder  fuses,  lightning  arresters,  ammeters,  and 
voltmeters  are  accessible. 

In  addition  to  an  indicating  wattmeter,  each  generator 
is  provided  with  a  Thomson  recording  wattmeter,  and 
by  means  of  these  recording  wattmeters  the  entire  station 
output  is  recorded.  No  feeder  is  operated  nor  regulation 
attempted  without  the  use  of  pressure  wires.  All  the 
indicating  instruments  were  made  by  the  Wagner  Elec- 
tric ^lanufacturing  Company  and  are  of  their  horizontal 
scale  illuminated  dial  type,  made  dead  beat  by  the  use  of 
oil  in  which  their  mechanism  moves  and  is  retarded  by 
suitable  aluminum  vanes. 

This  switchboard  was  constructed  from  the  designs  of 
the  lighting  company's  engineers.  The  greater  part  of 
the  current  used  for  alternating-current  incandescent 
lighting,  constant  potential  arc  lighting  and  alternating- 
current  motors  is  distributed  through  this  switchboard. 
Tie  lines  of  large  capacity  connect  the  switchboard  of 
this  station  with  that  of  station  "B." 

Opening  from  the  basement  under  the  switchboard 
and  extending  at  a  still  lower  level  is  the  main  cable  ter- 
minal vault  or  tunnel  through  which  all  cables  are  led 


Electrical    H  a  ii  d  b  o  o  k  20^ 

troiii  the  underground  conduits  to  the  switchboard.  This 
vault  is  50  ft.  long.  9  ft.  wide  and  7.5  ft.  high.  Along  its 
side  are  arranged  adjustable  cable  racks,  by  which  all 
cables  are  supported  and  carried  to  their  proper  position 
on  other  racks  provided  under  the  switchboard,  which  in 
turn  carry  them  to  their  respective  panels. 


^IISSOURI  EDISON  STATION  "B" 

This  station  was  originally  built  I)y  the  Municipal 
Electric  Light  and  Power  Company.  Since  the  property 
was  acquired  by  the  Edison  Illuminating  Company,  both 
the  building  and  steam  apparatus  have  been  almost  en- 
tirely remodeled  and  a  very  large  amount  of  new  ma- 
chinery has  been  installed.  The  main  building,  contain- 
ing the  engine  room,  is  105  ft.  long  by  96  ft.  wide,  and 
was  originally  constructed  with  four  stories.  Most  of 
the  second  floor,  which  contained  shafting  and  clutch 
pulleys  has  been  removed,  thereby  increasing  the  height 
of  the  engine  room  to  -'8.5  ft.  Across  the  street  from 
this  building  is  another,  108  ft.  long  by  57  ft.  wide,  con- 
taining the  boiler  plant.  The  extreme  height  of  this 
building  is  60  ft.  In  this  are  placed  sixteen  350  h.p. 
Heine  water  tube  boilers.  The  floor  of  this  boiler  room  is 
23  ft.  below  the  street  level,  and  connecting  it  with  the 
engine  room  across  the  street  is  a  large  room  excavated 
under  the  street,  with  floor  at  the  same  level  as  the  boiler 
room  proper.  This  room  is  50  ft.  long  by  50  ft.  wide 
and  in  it  are  located  the  heaters  and  the  main  .steam  and 
exhaust  pipe  lines  running  from  the  boiler  room  to  the 
basement  of  the  engine  room.  The  street  above  is  sup- 
ported by  iron  columns  and  I-beams. 

In  the  engine  room  are  located  one  2,000  h.p.  cross- 
compound  1  laniiit()n-Ci)rli>s  engine,  directly  connected  to 
a  i,300-k\v.  single -phase  generator  l)uilt  by  the  General 
Electric  Company;  one  1.2CO  h.]).  cross-compound  Ham- 
ilton-Corliss engine,  directly  connected  to  an  800-kw. 
alternating-current  generator  built  by  the  General  Elec- 
tric  Company;    one    1.2CK)   h.p.    simple    Hamilton-Corliss 


2o6  The   St.    Louis 

engine,  direct  connected  to  an  8oo-kw.  (ieneral  Electric 
alternating-current  generator;  one  750  h.p.  simple  Ham- 
ilton-Corliss engine,  direct  connected  to  a  500-k\v.,  500- 
volt,  direct-current  General  Electric  generator;  two  300 
h.p.  Westinghouse  compound  engines  belted  to  two  200- 
kw.,  500-volt,  direct-current  generators.  Three  125  h.p. 
Westinghouse  compound  engines  direct  connected  to 
three  loo-kw.,  125-volt.  direct-current  General  Electric 
generators  used  for  exciters  are  also  located  on  the  en- 
gine room  floor. 

Along  one  wall  of  the  engine  room,  18  ft.  from  the 
floor,  is  the  main  switchl)oard,  supported  from  the  wall 
and  partly  hung  from  the  girders  overhead.  The  fourth 
floor  is  used  for  repair  shops  and  storage. 

Steam  Piping:  All  of  the  steam  piping  in  this  station 
is  placed  under  the  main  floor  in  suitable  basement  pas- 
sages between  the  engine  foundations.  A  duplicate  steam 
pipe  system  provides  each  engine  with  a  double  steam 
connection. 

Boilers:  The  boilers  are  placed  in  batteries  of  four 
boilers  each  and  are  connected  by  steel  flues,  lined  with 
fire  brick,  to  a  single  steel  smokestack.  The  furnaces  are 
all  arranged  for  hand  firing. 

Smol^estaclc:  The  smokestack  is  of  steel  construc- 
tion, lined  with  fire  brick  to  a  point  60  ft.  above  the  fur- 
nace grates.  It  is  13  ft.  in  diameter  and  204  ft.  high. 
The  base  is  bolted  to  massive  foundations  surrounded 
with  concrete,  covering  it  to  a  depth  of  about  6  ft.  This 
smokestack  successfully  withstood  the  severe  tornado 
which  visited  St.  Louis  about  seven  years  ago,  although 
it  was  well  inside  of  the  edge  of  the  path  of  the  storm, 
and  most  of  the  buildings  surrounding  it  were  unroofed 
and  more  or  less  completely  demolished.  A  massive 
brick  smokestack  at  a  street  railway  power  house,  less 
than  half  a  mile  distant,  was  lifted  bodily  from  its  foun- 
dations by  this  same  storm  and  dropped  a  shapeless  pile 
of  bricks  within  20  feet  of  its  former  location. 

Coal  Handling:  Above  the  boilers  a  large  coal-bin  is 
built,  occupying  the  entire  width  and  length  of  the  build- 
ing.    This  bin   is  constructed  of  steel,  supported   on   I- 


E  I  c  c  f  r  i  c  a  I    H  a  ii  d  b  o  o  k  2oy 

beams  and  columns,  the  sides  being  sufficiently  inclined 
to  deliver  the  coal  to  a  central  position,  from  whence  it 
descends  through  iron  chutes  to  the  l)oiler  room  floor. 
Coal  is  delivered  to  this  storage  bin  from  wagons  in  the 
alley  running  along  the  other  side  of  the  Iniilding.  The 
ash  is  elevated  by  conveyors  to  overhead  bins,  whence  it 
can  be  dumped  into  cars. 

Electrical  Generators:  The  alternating-current  gen- 
erators in  this  station  at  the  time  of  their  construction 
were  the  largest  alternating-current  generators  ever 
built,  and  the  largest  in  output,  with  the  exception  of  the 
generators  at  Niagara  Falls,  which,  however,  run  at 
much  higher  speed.  Their  capacity,  when  operated 
single-phase,  is  i,ooo  kw. 

In  addition  to  the  single-phase  winding,  another 
winding  was  provided  in  which  current  is  generated  dif- 
fering in  phase  90  degrees  from  the  main  winding.  This 
quarter-phase  winding  can  be  connected  so  that  the  gen- 
erators may  be  operated  on  the  so-called  monocyclic  sys- 
tem. The  generators  are  now  operated  at  1,200  volts  on 
single-phase  only,  as  the  company  has  adopted  the  single- 
phase  system  as  most  suitable  for  its  general  distribution 
of  current  for  light  and  power. 

The  armatures  of  these  generators  are  constructed 
without  polar  projections,  the  copper  bars  forming  the 
winding  being  embedded  in  slots.  They  are  16  ft.  in  di- 
ameter and  weigh  100,000  lb.  each.  There  are  80  field 
poles  and  the  shaft  is  11  in.  in  diameter,  this  enormous 
mass  being  provided  to  take  the  place  of  the  fly- 
wheel and  to  give  the  engines  a  very  uniform  angular 
velocity.  A  large  margin  for  overloading  was  allowed 
in  the  design  of  these  machines.  The  frequency  adopted 
by  the  company  for  its  entire  system  is  60  cycles,  and  the 
armatures  revolve  at  go  rev.  per  min. 

Located  near  these  generators  are  three  loo-kw.  ex- 
citer generators,  directly  connected  to  compound  engines. 
These  exciter  generators  are  of  the  General  Electric  type 
of  multipolar  direct-current  dynamos  and  deliver  current 
at  a  pressure  of  125  volts. 

Sicilclihoard :     .\s  in   station   "A,"  the  main   switch- 


2o8  The   St.    Louis 

board  is  so  located  along  one  of  the  walls  of  the  engine 
room  that  it  forms  a  gallery  above  the  engines  and  gen- 
erators. From  its  floor  every  part  of  the  engine  room 
can  be  seen  and  signals  exchanged  between  engine  tend- 
ers and  switchboard  operatives. 

The  switchboard  is  constructed  of  white  Italian 
marble,  mounted  in  panels  on  an  iron  framework.  The 
flooring  is  all  made  of  black  slate,  as  in  the  switchboard 
at  station  "A."  The  central  part  of  the  board  is  occupied 
by  switches,  regulating  devices  and  instruments  for  the 
alternating-current  generators  and  exciters ;  on  either 
side  are  the  feeder  panels  containing  the  necessary 
switches,  regulating  devices,  and  instruments  for  each 
feeder.  Beyond  these  feeder  panels,  at  one  end  of  the 
board,  are  located  the  switches,  devices,  and  instruments 
necessarj'  for  controlling  all  the  500-volt  generators  and 
feeders.  Each  alternating-current  feeder  takes  up  a 
space  on  the  switchboard  panels  i  ft.  in  width  and  6.5  ft. 
in  height. 

Presext  Distributiox  Systems 

Alternating  Current:  The  present  underground  al- 
ternating current  distribution  system  of  the  Union  Elec- 
tric Light  &  Power  Company,  supplied  from  the  Mis- 
souri-Edison plants,  consists  of  1.150-volt  primary  feed- 
ers with  pressure  wires,  feeding  transformers  which  are 
located  in  the  manholes.  All  manholes  in  the  joint  sub- 
way were  constructed  with  square  covers  in  order  to 
admit  of  the  installation  and  removal  of  these  transform- 
ers. The  underground  transformers  are  all  oil-cooled 
and  are  rated  at  no  kw.  each,  each  transformer  being 
supplied  by  an  1.150-volt  primary  feeder  of  150,000  cir. 
mils  cross  section.  The  secondaries  of  these  transform- 
ers are  connected  by  three  1,000,000  cir.  mils  lead-covered 
cables  to  the  bus-bars  of  large  cast  iron  junction  boxes, 
also  situated  in  the  manholes;  these  junction  boxes  sup- 
plying three-wire  secondary  cables  and  Edison  tubing. 
This  system  is  very  complete,  and  has  service  on  prac- 
tically every  street  in  the  underground  district.  The 
pressure  wires   for  the   feeders   in  this  system  are  con- 


Electrical    Ha  it  d  b  o  o  k  2op 

nected  to  the  bus-bars  in  the  junction  boxes,  so  that 
transformer  drop  is  included  with  feeder  drop,  and 
standard  pressure  can  be  maintained  at  the  junction 
boxes  b}'  means  of  booster  transformers  located  in  the 
station  on  each  feeder.  These  feeders  are  fused  in  the 
station,  and  the  secondary  feeders  from  the  transformers 
to  the  bus-bars  in  the  junction  box  are  also  fused,  so  that 
in  the  event  of  trouble  on  either  feeder  or  transformer 
otiicr  transformers  on  the  system  are  protected.  The 
neutral  of  the  secondary-  system  is  not  fused  and  is 
grounded.  The  outside  wires  within  any  section  are  all 
connected  into  a  network  through  fuses  in  the  junction 
boxes.  The  feeders  are  supplied  from  single-phase  ma- 
chines. Under  this  system  the  underground  district  is 
divided  up  into  a  number  of  sections,  so  that  any  one 
section  will  at  no  time  exceed  the  safe  load  of  its  gener- 
ator. The  Missouri-Edison  alternating  equipment  was 
the  first  large  installation  of  its  kind  in  the  United  States. 
Due  to  angular  variation  in  speed,  it  has  never  been 
found  practicable  to  run  the  generators  in  parallel. 

This  same  general  system  is  used  for  the  supply  of 
alternating  current  outside  of  the  underground  district. 
The  entire  city  is  generally  well  covered  with  a  sj'stem  of 
1.150-volt  mains,  except  that  portion  lying  north  of  Cass 
and  Easton  avenues.  The  mains  are  divided  up  into 
separate  networks,  each  of  which  is  supplied  at  the  most 
advantageous  point  by  a  feeder ;  pressure  wires  being 
taken  back  from  the  feeder  end  at  primary  pressure.  In 
districts  where  the  customers  are  located  sufficiently 
close  together  to  make  it  profital)lc.  the  primary  mains 
are  paralleled  by  three-wire  secondary  mains,  which  are 
sui)plicd  at  intervals  by  transformers  hung  on  the  poles. 
The  transformers  vary  in  size  from  5  to  25  kw.  Before 
transformers  are  installed,  the  probable  maximum  and 
average  loads  are  carefully  calculated,  and  the  calcula- 
tions arc  later  checked  by  installing  a  Wright  discount 
meter  on  the  primary  nf  tiie  transfdrnuT.  Readings  are 
taken  of  these  discount  meters  three  or  four  times  a  year, 
as  the  seasons  change.  Ihis  enables  the  size  transformer 
to  be   installed   on   any   particular  secondary  to  be  very 


210  The    St.    Louis 

accurately  gauged.  The  labor  of  reading  these  discount 
meters  is  performed  by  emergency  men  on  Sundays  or  at 
other  times  when  the  weather  is  good  and  their  services 
are  not  required  at  their  regular  duties. 

The  pressure  on  overhead  feeders  is  maintained  at 
standard  at  feeder  end  by  means  of  the  pressure  wires, 
which  are  led  back  to  the  station,  and  by  booster  trans- 
formers installed  in  the  station. 

Feeders  are  connected  to  the  network  of  the  mains  at 
the  feeding  point  through  single-pole  knife  switches  in- 
stalled on  the  pole.  Protection  against  dead  short-cir- 
cuits or  grounds  is  obtained  by  fusing  feeders  in  the 
station.  Each  main  branch  of  the  network  is  controlled 
by  single-pole  switches  installed  on  the  poles,  so  that  in 
the  event  of  trouble  on  a  network  the  trouble-man  by 
going  to  the  feeder  end  can  tell  at  once  whether  trouble 
is  on  the  feeder  or  on  the  network,  and  by  opening  the 
switches  installed  on  the  branches  can  locate  the  branch 
in  trouble.  This  allows  the  greater  portion  of  the  circuit 
to  be  kept  in  operation  while  trouble  is  being  located  and 
remedied.  These  circuits  are  all  single-phase,  and  derive 
their  power  from  single-phase  machines,  which  are  not 
operated  in  parallel  for  the  reasons  above  mentioned. 
When  the  load  increases  or  decreases,  feeders  are  trans- 
ferred from  one  bus  to  another  by  means  of  oil  transfer 
switches  and  plug  selector  switches,  each  generator  hav- 
ing a  separate  bus. 

Direct  Current:  The  direct-current  distribution  sys- 
tem of  the  Union  Electric  Light  &  Power  Company  is 
a  three-wire  Edison  system,  operating  at  a  pressure  of 
235-470  volts  at  the  feeder  ends.  This  system  also  quite 
completely  covers  the  underground  district  and  very  gen- 
erally covers  a  section  outside  of  the  underground  dis- 
trict at  a  radius  of  from  2.25  to  3  miles  from  the  Tenth 
and  St.  Charles  streets,  or  Imperial  station.  The  entire 
system  is  a  network,  practically  without  fuses  up  to  the 
customers'  installation.  This  system  was  also  the  first 
large  high  voltage  three-wire  system  in  the  United 
States.  In  the  underground  district,  this  system  consists 
of  three  conductor  lead-covered  main  cables   joined  to- 


Electrical    H  a  n  d  b  o  o  k  211 

gether  at  intersecting  points  through  cast  iron  junction 
boxes  located  in  the  manholes.  Copper  catches  are  used 
in  these  junction  boxes  having  a  cross  section  sufficiently 
large  that  a  cable  in  trouble  will  generally  burn  itself 
clear  before  melting  the  catch.  Feeders  are  connected  to 
the  junction  boxes  through  catches  of  such  a  cross  sec- 
tion that  they  will  not  melt  out  under  any  circumstances ; 
trouble  on  feeders  being  cleared  entirely  by  burning. 
The  neutral  in  the  main  cables  is  the  same  size  as  the 
outside  wires.  The  mains  vary  in  size  from  No.  2  B.&S. 
to  250,000  cir.  mils.  Feeders  are  500,000  cir.  mils  and 
1,500,000  cir.  mils,  having  neutrals  of  000  B.&S.  and  500,- 
000  cir.  mils  respectively.  Two  500,000  cir.  mils  feeders 
are  made  up  with  a  000  B.&S.  neutral  into  a  three-con- 
ductor cable,  having  pressure  wires  in  the  interstices. 
The  1,500,000  cir.  mils  feeders  are  single  conductor  and 
are  supplied  with  a  separate  three-conductor  pressure 
cable.  In  the  underground  district,  most  of  the  feeders 
are  1.500,000  cir.  mils  and  are  not  supplied  with  separate 
neutrals  leading  back  to  the  station,  the  feeder  neutral 
system  being  a  network  of  500,000  cir.  mils  single-con- 
ductor cables.  Rubber  insulation  has  been  used  exclu- 
sively for  the  three-conductor  main  cables,  and  both 
rubber  and  paper  have  been  used  with  equal  satisfaction 
for  the  feeders. 

The  Imperial  station  being  located  within  the  under- 
ground district,  feeders  reaching  out  into  the  overhead 
district  are  carried  underground  for  a  portion  of  the  dis- 
tance. These  feeders  are  carried  through  conduit  to  the 
limit  of  the  underground  district  and  there  led  up  the 
side  of  a  terminal  pole,  on  which  is  located  the  terminal 
head  and  lightning  arresters.  Five  hundred  thousand 
cir.  mils  weather-proof  wire  is  used  U)  continue  feeders 
in  the  overhead  district.  'I'hese  feeders  are  cut  into  the 
network  of  mains,  at  the  most  advantageous  points,  sol- 
idly, and  have  neither  catches  or  fuses  in  circuits.  The 
pressure  wires  arc  carried  on  the  same  insulators  that 
carry  the  feeder  cables. 

The  Imperial  station  being  located  in  almost  the  exact 
centre  of  its   load,  enables  it  to  distribute  current   over 


212  The   St.    Louis 

this  large  area  with  two  sets  of  bus-bars,  at  the  same  time 
maintaining  very  close  regulation ;  the  regulation  within 
the  underground  district  being  at  all  times  within  2  per 
cent,  above  or  below  standard  pressure,  and  on  all  the 
feeders  reaching  out  into  the  overhead  district,  the  varia- 
tion at  no  time  exceeding  5  per  cent,  and  being  generally 
within  3  per  cent.  The  regulation  on  this  system  is 
aided  by  a  storage  battery  having  a  capacity  of  500  kw. 
hours  at  the  one-hour  rate,  battery  being  located  in  the 
Imperial  station. 

On  account  of  the  generalh-  untried  condition  of  high- 
voltage  lighting  apparatus,  it  was  considered  advisable 
when  this  sy.stem  was  first  put  in  operation,  about  six 
years  ago,  to  connect  all  customers  two-wire,  balancing 
one  customer  against  another.  This  practice  was  con- 
tinued for  two  or  three  years,  when  three-wire  connec- 
tions were  adopted  to  aid  in  keeping  the  load  balanced. 
Newly  W'ired  buildings,  or  buildings  in  which  the  wiring 
is  thoroughly  overhauled  and  put  in  good  order,  are  con- 
nected three-wire  throughout,  the  same  as  on  any  three- 
wire  system.  Considerable  trouble  was  experienced  in 
the  beginning  in  obtaining  incandescent  lamps  which 
would  not  short-circuit  or  explode  and  burn  up  the  socket 
and  cord.  This  trouble  has  been  almost  entirely  elim- 
inated, instances  of  lamps  short-circuiting  at  the  present 
time  being  extremely  rare.  Difficulty  was  also  at  first 
experienced  in  obtaining  arc  lamps  which  gave  a  satis- 
factory white  light  and  at  the  same  time  did  not  consume 
an  abnormal  amount  of  current.  The  first  lamps  in- 
stalled were  2^^-ampere  lamps  using  J/^-inch  carbons. 
These  lamps  drew  an  arc  an  inch  and  three-quarters  long 
and  produced  a  very  unpleasant  light.  Lamps  consuming 
y/i  amperes  and  with  the  length  of  arc  somewhat  short- 
ened, using  Yz-'inch.  carbons,  were  soon  substituted,  and 
gave  perfect  satisfaction  to  the  customer,  but  were  ineffi- 
cient. These  lamps  were  later  rebuilt  to  use  ^-inch  car- 
bons and  the  current  reduced  to  2^  amperes,  this  lamp 
now  being  the  standard  single  burning  direct. current  arc 
lamp  of  the  company.  Lamps  burning  two  in  series  and 
taking  from  5  to  5^2  amperes  have  been  installed  in  large 


Electrical    Handbook  21^ 

numbers  wherever  the  number  of  lamps  taken  by  a  cus- 
tomer warranted  using  lamps  of  this  character.  These 
lamps,  of  course,  are  just  as  efficient  as  d.\\y  direct-cur- 
rent, low-voltage  lamp. 

With  new  customers  formerly  supplied  from  a  low- 
voltage  system  it  has  generally  been  found  that  the  only 
changes  necessary  in  order  to  fit  the  installation  for  235- 
470  volts  has  been  to  change  cut-outs,  switches  and  sock- 
ets. At  first  thought  this  would  appear  to  be  a  heavy 
expense  for  a  company  to  incur.  It  has  been  found, 
however,  that  the  labor  cost  of  doing  this  work  was  sur- 
prisingly low,  due  to  keeping  a  force  of  men  thoroughly 
familiar  with  the  requirements  and  expert  in  making  the 
changes. 

Almost  every  conceivable  class  of  service  has  been 
connected  to  the  direct-current  lines;  installations  having 
a  connected  kilowatt  capacity  as  high  as  600  being  at 
present  supplied. 

It  was  feared  in  the  beginning  that  fires  might  be 
started  by  introducing  the  higher  voltage  on  old  wiring. 
Experience  has  shown,  however,  that  fires  which  can  be 
traced  to  the  introduction  of  this  voltage  into  buildings 
are  extremely  rare,  and  that  where  such  has  been  the 
case  a  fire  would  probably  have  resulted  had  any  other 
system  been  installed.  The  reason  for  this  is  probably 
due  to  the  fact  that  a  slight  ground  or  short-circuit  is 
immediately  developed  and  the  fuses  blown  on  the  high- 
voltage  system,  smouldering  or  slow  burning  grounds 
being  unknown.  The  neutral  of  the  entire  system  is 
well  grounded  in  the  station. 

General  Pl.\n  of  Futike  Distribl'tion 

The  consolidation  of  the  Citizens'  Electric  Lighting 
&  Power  Company,  the  Imperial  Electric  Light,  Heat  & 
Power  Company,  and  the  Missouri-Edison  Electric  Com- 
pany into  the  Union  Electric  Light  &  Power  Company 
gives  the  latter  company  three  separate  and  distinct  dis- 
tribution systems,  at  present  supplied  from  the  Missouri- 
Edison  stations  and  the  Imperial  station.  These  distri- 
bution systems  will  be  rearranged  so  that  the  new  Ashley 


214  The   St.    Louis 

Street  plant  of  the  Union  Company  may  supply  current 
to  them  through  substations  advantageously.  In  the  un- 
derground district  the  three-wire  secondary  alternating- 
current  mains  of  the  Missouri-Edison  Company  parallel 
the  three-wire  direct-current  mains  of  the  Imperial  Com- 
pany. The  cross  section  of  copper  installed  in  these 
mains  within  the  underground  district  is  more  than  suf- 
ficient to  supply  the  district  at  125-250  volts  direct  cur- 
rent. The  feeders  used  by  the  Imperial  Company  for  its 
direct-current  system  are  admirably  adapted  for  rear- 
rangement, to  be  supplied  from  additional  substations 
and  from  two  of  the  old  generating  stations  which  are  to 
be  converted  into  substations.  The  500-volt  motors  now 
being  supplied  from  the  500-volt  power  distribution  sys- 
tem of  the  Missouri-Edison  Company  and  from  the 
three-wire  system  of  the  Imperial  Company  will  be 
changed  to  250  volts  as  rapidly  as  seems  expedient. 
Motors  which  are  not  changed  over  will  be  supplied  from 
the  Missouri-Edison  two-wire  500-volt  mains,  which  will 
be  left  intact.  The  operation  of  the  present  steam  gen- 
erating equipment  in  stations  A  and  B  of  the  Missouri- 
Edison  Company  will  be  discontinued,  and  Station  A 
will  be  converted  into  a  substation  to  be  supplied  with 
current  from  the  new  Ashley  Street  plant.  The  gener- 
ating equipment  in  the  Imperial  station  will  probably  be 
changed  over  to  a  lower  voltage  and  held  in  reserve  and 
to  assist  at  the  peak.  Three  additional  substations,  two 
located  down-town  close  to  Broadway  and  one  about  one- 
half  mile  west  of  the  present  underground  district,  will 
be  built  and  will  be  supplied  with  current  from  the  new 
Ashley  Street  plant.  The  two  new  down-town  substa- 
tions will  be  equipped  with  motor  generators,  and  will 
transform  current  from  the  Ashley  Street  plant  into  250- 
volt  current  for  the  low  tension  direct-current  system. 
The  substation  to  be  located  at  Station  A  will  contain 
rotary  transforming  apparatus  for  the  low  tension  direct 
current  and  frequency  changers  to  supply  current  to  the 
present  alternating-current  underground  distribution  sys- 
tem until  it  is  changed  over,  and  to  such  overhead  lines 
as  can  conveniently  be  brought  into  this   station.     The 


Electrical    Ha  n  d  b  o  o  k  21  ^ 

new  substation  located  west  of  the  underground  district 
will  at  first  contain  only  alternating-current  transforming 
apparatus  and  will  be  used  as  a  distribution  station  for 
current  supplied  to  the  sections  of  the  city  outside  of  the 
underground  district.  The  direct-current  low  tension 
distribution  system  will  be  practically  confined  to  the 
present  underground  district,  and  the  present  1,150-volt 
alternating-current  distribution  system  overhead  will  be 
changed  to  2.300  volts.  Conduits  are  already  laid  and 
cables  installed  for  the  transmission  lines  from  the  new 
Ashley  Street  plant  to  all  of  the  substations  above  men- 
tioned. 

In  addition  to  the  substations  of  the  Union  Company, 
the  new  Ashley  Street  plant  will  also  supply  current  to 
street  railway  substations  of  the  St.  Louis  Transit  Com- 
pany, located  at  Delmar  and  De  Baliviere  avenues  and 
Seventeenth  and  Locust  streets,  which  are  already  con- 
structed and  in  partial  operation. 

Direct-Current  Series  Arc  Street  Lighting 

In  addition  to  the  other  sy.stems  which  are  now  in 
operation  in  the  joint  subway,  there  is  a  constant  current, 
series,  direct-current  arc  system  supplying  street  lights. 
In  this  system  single-conductor  No.  8  rubber  and  lead- 
covered  calile  is  used,  except  in  those  cases  where  circuits 
are  carried  from  the  station  through  the  underground 
district  to  supply  lamps  outside  of  the  underground  dis- 
trict, in  which  case  twelve-conductor  rubber  and  lead- 
covered  cable  is  used.  This  cable  is  led  to  a  terminal 
l)ole  and  thence  t(j  a  lerniiiial  head  and  bo.^  from  which 
the  wires  are  led  to  lightning  arresters  and  circuits 
placed  on  cross-arms.  Each  underground  circuit  consists 
of  from  105  to  108  lamps,  each  taking  4S0  watts  at  the  arc 
at  6.8  amperes.  In  the  underground  district  connections 
arc  made  to  the  lamps  from  manholes  to  iron  arc-lamp 
poles  erected  at  the  corners  of  the  streets  by  means  of 
laying  an  iron  pii>e  between  the  manhole  and  the  hollow 
base  of  the  jjok-.  I'wo  single-cimductor  cables  are  drawn 
through  tliis  pipe  and  terminate  in  hard  rubber  bushings 
about   iX  in.  above  the  ground.     Connection  between  the 


2l6 


The   S  f .    L  o  u  is 


lead-covered  cable  and  a  flexible  duplex  cable  leading  up 
tbrough  the  pole  is  made  in  this  hard  rubljer  1)ushing, 
which  is  filled  with  paraffine.  This  flexible  duplex  cable 
is  led  up  through  the  pole  to  a  point  about  lO  ft.  from  the 
ground,  where  it  leaves  the  pole  through  a  rain-drip  cast- 


City  Street  Lamp  :in'l  Iron  I'dK 

ing  and  wood  bushing  and  is  carried  up  to  the  lamp. 
The  lamp  is  supported  on  a  flexible  galvanized  iron  rope 
leading  over  pulleys  in  the  mast-arm  and  the  pole  to  a 
windlass  in  the  base.  Short-circuiting  switches  located 
in  the  base  of  the  poles  were  tried  at  first,  but  were  aban- 
doned on  account  of  insulation  trouble,  lamp,  changing 
being  effected  at  present  by  placing  jumpers  across  the 
wires  just  below  the  lamp.     The  lamps  are  insulated  from 


Electrical    Handbook  2iy 

the  ground  by  a  special  insulated  hanger,  which  is  located 
between  a  short  cross-arm  and  a  hook  on  the  end  of  the 
rope.  This  cross-arm  holds  the  wires  while  the  lamp  is 
being  changed.  When  this  system  was  first  put  in  opera- 
tion great  trouble  was  experienced  from  static  potential 
on  the  lines,  especially  on  the  underground  circuits.  Va- 
rious schemes  were  tried  to  eliminate  this  static  poten- 
tial. The  method  finally  adopted,  and  which  is  entirely 
successful,  was  as  follows :  Each  lamp  was  equipped 
with  two  small  carbon  blocks  separated  by  a  thin  piece  of 
perforated  mica  held  in  position  by  two  clips  insulated 
from  each  other  and  connected  to  the  terminals  of  the 
lamp.  At  the  station  end  of  the  circuits  a  rotating  switch 
driven  by  a  small  motor  was  installed,  which  alternately 
connects  each  side  of  the  circuit  to  the  ungrounded  pole 
of  a  Leyden  jar  condenser.  Static  potential  from  the 
circuit  is  used  to  charge  this  condenser,  and  the  rotating 
switch,  after  charging  the  condenser,  short-circuits  it  be- 
fore connecting  the  next  circuit.  It  has  been  found  that 
by  discharging  each  circuit  through  the  condenser  two  of 
three  times  a  minute,  all  static  potential  can  be  removed 
from  the  lines.  The  function  of  the  carbon  blocks  in- 
stalled in  the  lamps  is  to  transmit  the  static  potential  that 
accumulates  in  a  particular  lamp,  or  series  of  lamps, 
through  the  various  lamps  and  back  to  the  static  arrester 
installed  in  the  station.  It  was  feared,  when  this  scheme 
for  eliminating  static  potential  was  first  adopted,  that  the 
carbon  blocks  would  short-circuit  the  lamps.  This  has 
been  the  case  in  rare  instances,  but  in  general  it  has  been 
found  that  the  carbon  blocks  do  not  require  attention 
before  the  lamp  requires  changing  for  general  overhaul- 
ing. 

While  the  arc  circuits  are  not  in  use  in  daylight  hours, 
each  circuit  is  connected  to  a  235-volt  direct-current 
lighting  circuit  through  test  lamps  in  such  a  manner  that 
open  circuits,  grounds,  and  live  crosses  can  be  imme- 
diately detected  by  the  switchboard  operator.  This  sys- 
tem of  continuous  test  has  been  of  great  value  in  giving 
immediate  notice  of  trouble,  so  that  the  remedy  could  be 
applied  before  the  schedule  time  for  starting  the  lights. 


2i8  The   St.    Louis 

The  Construction  of  Subways 

Prior  to  iSg8,  practically  all  wires  in  St.  Louis  were 
carried  on  poles.  In  i8y8  all  wires  in  a  district  about 
seven-eighths  of  a  mile  wide  and  one  and  three-fourths 
miles  long,  in  the  central  portion  of  the  city,  were  placed 
underground,  in  accordance  with  an  ordinance  known  as 
the  Keyes  bill,  which  was  passed  in  1896.  This  ordi- 
nance directed  that  wires  of  companies  supplying  current 
for  electric  light  or  power  should  be  on  one  side  of  the 
street,  and  designated  this  the  high-tension  subway.  The 
opposite  side  was  reserved  for  conduits  of  companies 
using  wire  for  the  transmission  of  messages;  subways  of 
these  companies  were  called  low-tension  subways.  The 
ordinance  required  companies  using  wires  classed  as 
high  tension  to  place  their  conduits  in  the  same  trench 
and  to  occupy  the  same  manholes.  This  created  a  joint 
subway,  which  contains  quite  a  variety  of  distributing 
systems. 

The  construction  of  high-tension  subways  in  St.  Louis 
has  been  about  equally  divided  between  vitrified  clay, 
multi-duct  conduit  of  the  ]\IcRoy  type,  laid  with  three 
inches  of  concrete  surrounding  the  conduit,  and  cement- 
lined,  iron  pipe  conduit  furnished  by  the  National  Con- 
duit and  Cable  Company,  laid  with  i  in.  of  concrete 
between  ducts  and  3  in.  of  concrete  on  each  side  of  a 
conduit  section. 

The  joint  high-tension  subway  was  constructed  en- 
tirely of  the  latter  type  of  conduit.  All  conduits  have 
been  laid  to  drain  to  manholes,  and  the  manholes,  when- 
ever possible,  have  been  connected  to  sewers. 

The  manholes  of  the  joint  high-tension  subway  are 
constructed  of  hard  red  brick  laid  on  a  concrete  founda- 
tion, with  walls  13  in.  thick.  The  tops  of  the  manholes 
are  arched  brick  supported  by  I-beams  which  carry  the 
cover  frame.  These  manholes  are  ventilated  by  a  grat- 
ing cast  in  the  cover.  In  some  of  the  individual  systems 
it  has  been  found  necessary  to  ventilate  manholes  by 
drilling  i-in.  holes  through  the  covers. 

In  the  individual  conduit  laid  by  the  Citizens'  Electric 


Electrical    Handbook  21^ 

Lighting  and  Power  Company  and  the  Union  Electric 
Light  and  Power  Company,  AIcRoy  multi-duct  section 
has  been  used  throughout,  laid  with  3  in.  of  concrete 
surrounding  the  conduit.  The  manholes  are  constructed 
of  vitrified  brick  laid  on  a  foundation  of  concrete,  with 
walls  13  in.  thick.  Where  manholes  are  less  than  5  ft. 
square,  the  walls  are  racked  at  the  top  and  the  cast-iron 
cover  frame  forms  the  roof  of  the  manhole.  Where 
manholes  are  larger  than  5  ft.  square,  concrete  tops  sup- 
ported by  I-beams  carrying  the  cover  frames  have  been 
adopted.  Round  cast-steel  covers  30  in.  in  diameter  have 
been  used  on  this  work  throughout. 

In  the  manholes  of  the  joint  high-tension  subway 
ca.st-iron  cable  racks  are  bolted  to  the  walls  at  conven- 
ient places.  In  the  individual  manholes  of  the  Citizens' 
and  Union  companies  i-in.  iron  pipes  have  been  laid  in 
the  vitrified  brick  walls,  in  which  cast-iron  pins  are  in- 
serted carrying  wooden  spools  on  which  to  rack  the 
cables. 

Protection  from  Manhole  Fires:  Cables  are  pro- 
tected from  manhole  fires  by  being  wrapped  with  3-16 
Sisal  rope,  the  turns  of  rope  being  about  14,  in.  apart. 
The  cable  wrapping  is  then  covered  with  Portland  ce- 
ment mortar,  mixed  one  part  cement  to  one  part  sand. 
It  has  been  found  that  this  covering  resists  any  ordinary 
manhole  fire,  and  as  long  as  the  cable  is  not  moved  it  is 
practically  indestructible.  Where  it  is  necessary  to  move 
the  cable  a  part  of  the  cement  covering  cracks  ofif.  This, 
however,  can  be  replaced  at  very  small  expense. 

C()X.ST1<LC'TI()N    OF    SeKVIC  K    CoNNECTIOXS 

Underground :  Except  for  about  42,000  feet  of  Edi- 
son tubing,  the  underground  mains  consist  of  three- 
conductor,  lead-covered  cables.  The  service  connections 
from  Edison  tubing  are  taken  off  in  the  usual  way.  The 
Edison  tubing,  however,  is  laid  in  only  a  few  of  the  most 
important  streets,  and  is  at  present  useil  entirely  in  con- 
nection with  the  underground  three-wire  secondary  al- 
ternating-current distribution  system.  The  joint  subway 
was  constructed  with  large  manholes  at  street  intersec- 


220  The   St.    Louis 

tions  in  which  there  was  ample  room  for  transformers 
and  junction  boxes  of  the  various  companies.  Between 
manholes  at  street  and  alley  intersections,  at  intervals  of 
from  30  ft.  to  75  ft.,  3  by  3  service  connection  boxes 
or  handholes  w-ere  constructed  to  include  the  first,  or 
possibly  the  second,  row  of  ducts  in  the  conduit.  Main 
cables  are  drawn  through  ducts  entering  these  service 
boxes  or  handholes  and  service  connections  are  made  by 
laying  a  3-in.  pipe  between  the  service  box  and  the  cus- 
tomer's basement.  Through  this  iron  pipe  a  lead-cov- 
ered cable  is  drawn  and  is  joined  to  the  main  service 
cable  by  means  of  a  cast-iron  box  filled  with  an  insulating 
compound.  As  a  large  proportion  of  the  service  connec- 
tion pipes  or  laterals  were  installed  W'hen  the  subway  was 
constructed,  this  method  of  taking  ofif  service  connections 
from  the  distribution  system  had  the  advantage  of  avoid- 
ing, to  a  large  extent,  tearing  up  the  streets  and  alleys, 
and  has  the  further  advantage  that  if  trouble  occurs  on 
the  service  connection  cable  or  on  the  main  cable,  it  is 
not  necessary  to  take  up  the  street  to  repair  the  damage, 
as  the  cable  can  be  drawn  out  and  a  new  one  drawn  in 
between  the  service  box  and  the  customer's  premises  or 
between  the  service  box  and  the  manhole. 

The  cast-iron  service  connection  boxes  referred  to 
above  are  constructed  \vith  three  or  more  outlets,  two 
outlets  always  being  used  for  the  main  cable,  which 
passes  straight  through  the  box.  The  box  is  turtle- 
shaped  and  divided  through  the  middle,  the  joint  being 
ground,  and  the  box  being  provided  with  bolts  and  lugs 
for  holding  it  together  after  being  placed  in  position 
around  the  cables.  A  brass  plug  is  provided  on  one  side, 
through  which  an  insulating  compound  is  inserted.  A 
tight  joint  between  the  lead  sheath  of  the  cable  and  the 
box  is  obtained  by  wrapping  friction  tape  around  the 
cable  to  the  required  thickness. 

The  service  connection  cable  terminates  in  the  cus- 
tomer's basement  at  a  fusible  knife  switch,  which  is 
usually  located  on  the  meter  board.  The-  customer's 
wiring  is  brought  to  this  switch,  the  meter  loop  being 
installed  by  the  customer. 


Electrical    Ha  )i  d  b  o  u  k  321 

Ovcrlicad :  Overhead  construction  in  St.  Louis  is 
fairly  well  standardized,  eight-pin  lo-ft.  cross-arms  being 
used  almost  exclusively.  The  standard  cross-arms  of  the 
Union  Electric  Light  and  Power  Company  are  made  10  ft. 
over  all.  bored  for  VA-m.  pins.  Pole  pins  are  40  in. 
centre  to  centre,  and  balance  of  pins  12  in.  on  centres. 
Galvanized  braces  and  bolts  are  used  throughout. 

In  the  portions  of  the  city  where  overhead  wires  are 
still  permitted,  the  city  authorities  have  endeavored,  as 
far  as  possible,  to  reserve  one  side  of  the  street  for  poles 
of  electric  light  and  power  companies,  the  other  side  for 
telephone  and  telegraph  companies.  This  rule,  however, 
has  not  been  adhered  to  in  all  cases.  Tt  is  generally  cus- 
tomary in  St.  Louis  for  the  electric  light  and  power  com- 
panies and  the  telephone  companies  to  exchange  space 
on  their  poles,  in  most  cases  charging  a  nominal  rental 
of  60  cents  per  annum  per  cross-arm  attached. 

The  telephone  companies  gain  their  poles  18  in.  centre 
to  centre.  This  brings  the  cross-arms  so  close  together 
that  it  has  been  necessary  to  adopt  some  other  method 
beisdes  that  of  buck-arming,  or  taking  the  wires  directly 
from  pins  where  service  connections  are  taken  from  over- 
head lines.  A  cross-arm  from  which  a  service  connec- 
tion is  to  be  taken  is  supplied  with  two  or  three-point 
spreaders,  as  the  case  may  require,  which  carry  the 
service  wires  across  the  arm  to  the  extreme  end.  from 
which  point  good  clearance  can  be  obtained.  The  ab- 
sence of  buck-arming,  or  wires  leading  from  pins,  greatly 
improves  the  appearance  of  line  work,  in  addition  to 
making  the  poles  safer  for  the  men  to  climb. 

Recent  High-Tcnsion  Overhead  Construction:  Six- 
thousand-six-hundred-volt,  3-phase,  25-cycle  power  trans- 
mission lines  having  a  cross  section  of  211,000  cir.  mils 
have  l)een  constructed  for  the  transmission  of  power 
generated  in  the  new  Ashley  Street  plant  of  the  Union 
Electric  Light  and  Power  Company. 

Four  overhead  circuits,  each  about  four  miles  long, 
were  constructed  for  the  purpose  of  supplying  current  to 
the  Delmar  substation  of  the  St.  Louis  Transit  Company 


222 


The    S  f .    L  o n  i  s 


and  to  the  World's  Fair.  Jhese  circuits  are  extensions 
of  underground  circuits,  each  about  three  miles  long, 
and  begin  at  Garrison  and  Franklin  avenue  and  end  at 
De  Baliviere  and  De  Giverville  avenues.  For  about  one- 
half  of  the  distance  they  are  constructed  on  three  sepa- 


erminal  Poles— (iarrison  and  Franklin  .Avenues 


rate  pole  lines  running  through  more  or  less  crooked 
alleys,  which  made  it  necessary  to  adopt  a  peculiar  type 
of  construction  in  order  to  hold  the  corners  and  to  pre- 
vent the  entire  run  giving  way  in  case  a  corner  pole 
should  fail.  The  spans  on  these  lines  are  -exceedingly 
long  for  this  class  of  work,  varying  from  no  to  150  ft. 
The  lines  were  constructed  on  telephone  poles,  telephone 


Electrical    Handbook 


--J 


wires  having  been  lowered  down  to  provide  space  in  the 
top  gains  for  the  transmission  lines.  Triangular  con- 
struction was  adopted  wherever  it  was  possible  to  obtain 
the  necessary  clearance  for  wires. 

The  wires  are  strung  on  standard  yellow  pine  cross- 
arms,  with  pin  holes  so  arranged  as  to  provide  ample 
space  for  a  man  to  climb  the  poles  without  coming  in 
contact  with  the  lines — the  pole  pins  being  45  in.  on 
centres.  Standard  iJ/S-in.  locust  pins  and  triple  petticoat 
glass  insulators  are  used,  except  at  corner  and  terminal 
poles,  where  iVS-in.  drop-forged  pins  with  glass  insu- 
lators are  used.  Where  the  angle  made  by  a  corner  is 
more  than  135  degrees,  double  arms  with  iron  pins  and 
glass  insulators  are  used.  On  each  side  of  the  corner 
pole,  terminal  pole  construction  was  adopted,  so  that  in 
the  event  the  corner  pole  should  fail  the  wares  would 
simply  slack  off  between  the  corner  pole  and  the  first 
pole  on  each  side. 

Terminal  pole  construction  consists  of  double  cross- 
arms  mortised  to  receive  four-pin  oak  buck-arms  each 
55  in.  long  with  pins  u  and  22  in.  on  centres.  The  oak 
arms  are  also  mortised  to  fit  the  yellow  pine  double 
arms,  and  are  further  held  securely  in  place  by  a  5^-in. 
galvanized  bolt  through  each  arm.  Drop-forged  iron 
pins  and  triple  petticoat  glass  insulators  are  used,  to 
which  the  occo  wire  is  attached  by  means  of  No.  4  B.  &  S. 
solid  ties  soldered  to  the  0000  wire.  The  terminal  pole  is 
held  in  position  against  the  strain  of  the  wires  by  ^-in. 
galvanized  stranded  guys  attached  to  eye-bolts  passing 
through  the  double  cross-arms;  the  guys  either  being  led 
back  to  an  anchored  guy-stub,  or  to  other  poles  in  the 
run.  If  the  terminal  pole  is  at  the  end  of  an  underground 
line,  the  underground  cable  is  led  up  the  side  of  the  pole 
to  a  point  about  12  ft.  above  the  ground  through  a  3V2-in. 
pipe.  Above  this  i)oint  it  is  cleated  to  the  side  of  the 
pole  and  terminates  in  an  end-bell  under  a  wooden  hood 
above  the  double  cross-arms  on  which  the  overhead 
transmission  line  terminates.  The  wires  from  the  end- 
bell  to  the  transmission  line  are  led  out  through  the  open 
bottom  of  the  hood,  over  the  end  bell,  the  opening  being 


22/^ 


The   St.    Louis 


sufficiently  large  to  provide  proper  clearance.  Above 
this  hood  are  erected  the  lightning  arresters,  line  connec- 
tion to  which  is  taken  off  about  6  or  8  ft.  out  in  the  span 
and  ahead  of  the  reactance  coil  which  is  inserted  between 
this  connection  and  the  cable  terminals,     'i'he  reactance 


Corner  Construction — Lake  and  Mcl'herson  .\venues 

coil  is  made  by  twisting  the  coco  conductor  fifteen  times 
around  a  split  wood  bushing  ij/  in.  in  diameter,  which  is 
placed  over  the  line  just  ahead  of  where  it  is  attached  to 
the  pins  on  the  oak  buck-arms.  The  general  construc- 
tion is  well  shown  in  the  illustration,  though  the  pole 
from  which  the  photograph  was  taken  is  not  complete, 
no  platforms  having  been  provided  for  the  men  to  work 
on.     Platforms  are  provided   so  that  there  is  plenty  of 


E  I  c  c  t  r  i  c  a  I    H  a  n  d  b  u  u  k 


-\') 


room  for  a  man  to  work  on  one  circuit  on  one  side  of  the 
pole  with  the  other  circuit  in  operation,  without  heing  in 
any  danger  of  coming  in  contact  with  live  wires.  Each 
terminal  pole  provides  space  for  two  circuits.  When  a 
line  consists  of  more  than  two  circuits,  additional  ter- 
minal poles  have  to  be  provided  for  each  pair  of  circuits. 
Where  a  right-angle  corner  is  turned,  as  shown  in 
the  illustration,  a  type  of  construction  has  been  adopted 


^msr- 


Tfrminal  1 


which  effectually  keeps  the  lines  in  position,  at  the  same 
time  relieving  the  insulators  of  undue  strain,  and  pre- 
venting the  line  coming  down  in  the  event  of  an  insu- 
lator or  pin  breaking.  The  small  extension  arms  shown 
in  the  illustration  are  sections  of  oak  arms  22^2  in.  long 
bored  for  two  VA-m.  drop-forged  iron  pins  12.  in.  on 
centres  and  furnished  with  wrought-iron  device  securely 
bolted  to  the  oak.  Before  being  bolted  to  the  oak  this 
device  is  passed  through  an  eye-Ixilt  which  extends 
through  the  double  arm.  .After  the  wire  is  in  i)osition 
and  has  been  drawn  uji  tu  grade.  No.  4  solid  copper  ties 
are  soldered  to  the  conductor  around  each  glass  insu- 
lator, after  which  the  nut  on  the  eye-bolt  is  screwed  up 
so  as  to  relieve  the  strain  between  the  insulators  on  the 


226  The   St.    Louis 

double  cross-arms  and  the  insulators  on  the  oak  exten- 
sion arm. 

The  corner  poles  shown  in  the  illustration  are  50-ft. 
poles  with  7-in.  top,  set  8  ft.  in  the  ground,  and  with 
gains  18  in.  centre  to  centre. 

The  lines  on  which  the  above  described  construction 
has  been  adopted  were  built  during  the  past  year  and 
have  withstood  a  number  of  verj-  severe  storms  and  have 
not  yet  caused  any  trouble  nor  required  any  repairs. 

All  guys  used  on  this  class  of  work  are  double  insu- 
lated with  mica  strain  insulators  insulating  the  guys  in 
such  a  manner  as  to  protect  linemen  working  on  either 
pole  to  which  the  guy  is  attached. 


The  Electric  Plant    of  the  Laclede 
Power  Company  of  St.  Louis 

THIS  cnnipany  started  its  inisincss  in  1890, 
supph-ing-  pnwor  to  small  consumers  located 
in  the  central  part  of  the  city.  It  adopted 
the  500-volt,  direct-current  system  of  distri- 
bution, and  operated  twenty-four  hours  per  day.  It 
supplied  power  only,  until  Maj',  1900,  when  it  com- 
pleted a  new  and  modern  power  house  and  began 
serving  light  as  well  as  power.  To  accomplish  this 
result,  chloride-accumulators  were  installed  in  a  sidi- 
station  in  the  centre  of  its  business  district,  making 
a  neutral  wire  with  a  pressure  midway  between  the 
pressures  of  the  conductors  of  the  two-wire  500-volt 
power  system.  A  third  wire  was  used  as  a  neutral 
on  the  overhead  pole  lines,  and  the  lead  sheath  of 
the  duplex  cables  was  used  as  a  neutral  in  the  under- 
ground district.  This  gave  a  direct-current  three- 
wire  system,  and  the  pressure  was  changed  slightly, 
so  as  tf)  give  240  vnlts  on  each  side  of  the  lighting 
circuit  and  480  volts  between  the  outside  wires  of  the 
power  circuit.  This  sj'Stem  has  proved  entirely  sat- 
isfactory for  all  kinds  of  service. 

The  equipment  at  the  power  station,  which  is  lo- 
cated on  the  river  adjacent  ti>  tiie  business  district, 
consists  of  direct-current,  500-vnlt,  ci  )mpound-\vound, 
railway  generators,  direct  connected  to  cross-com- 
pound Corliss  engines,  carrying  [75  lb.  steam  pres- 
sure. 

Increased  service  is  being  provided  for  by  vertical 
Curtis  turbo-alternators,  3-phase,  60-cycle,  2,300- 
volt,  to  operate  at  the  same  steam  pressure  with  200 
degrees  of  superheat  and  27-in.  vaciuim.  The  circu- 
lating water  will  be  taken  from  the  Mississippi  river 


228  The   St.    Louis 

with  submerged  discharge  and  circulated  l)y  means 
i)f  centrifugal  pumps  driven  l)y  compound  recipro- 
cating engines,  which  with  the  other  auxiliaries,  will 
exhaust  into  open  feed  water  heaters.  The  feed 
water  will  then  pass  through  economizers  and  be 
raised  to  a  temperature  of  about  300  degrees  fahr. 

Tlie  60  cycle,  2.300  volts  will  be  carried  to  syn- 
chronous converters  located  in  sub-stations,  and  be 
supplied   to   the   three-wire   network. 

The  company  is  owned  exclusively  in  St.  Louis 
and  has  an  authorized  capitalization  of  $2,000,000, 
a  part  of  which  has  not  yet,  however,  been  paid  in. 
It  is  in  the  unique  position  financially  of  having  no 
lionded  or  other  debt.  Its  stockholders,  therefore, 
own  the  property  subject  to  no  encumbrance  what- 
ever. This  condition  is  almost  without  parallel  in 
the  hist(»ry  of  large  central-station  e(|uipnients. 


The   Eleclric  Tlaiit  of  the  Laclede 
Gas  Light  Company 

THE  electric  plant  of  The  Laclede  Gas  Light 
Company  is  located  at  Mound  street  and 
Levee.  It  was  built  and  began  operation  in 
May,  1890.  l-"rom  this  plant,  light  and  power 
for  commercial  iiurposes  are  furnished  to  the  dif- 
ferent i)arts  of  the  city,  the  lighting  being  conlined 
cliietly  to  the  northern  half  of  the  city.  The  light- 
ing circuits  are  all  alternating  current,  the  primary 
distribution  being  at  2,200  volts  with  the  secondary 
at  100  volts  and  220  volts.  The  power  circuits  are 
all  direct  current,  the  distribution  being  at  550  volts. 
The  power  house  equipment  has  a  total  capacity 
of  2.400  kilowatts.  The  boilers  are  of  the  water- 
tube  type,  with  fuel  economizers  and  forced  draft. 
Illinois  slack  coal  is  used  for  fuel.  The  engines  are 
all  compound  and  are  operated  condensing.  Water 
for  the  surface  condensers  is  pumped  from  the  Mis- 
sissippi river. 

The  switchboard  is  of  marble,  eiiuiitped  with  oil- 
break  switches  and  the  necessary  complement  of  in- 
struments. The  distribution  is  both  overlu  ad  and 
underground.  Then'  are  in  the  o\erluad  district 
approximately  lOO  miles  of  pole  lines,  and  in  the 
underground  district  200,000  ft.  of  duct. 


229 


THE  TELEPHONE  IN  ST.  LOUIS 


The  Telephone  in  St.  Louis 


11"  is  a  fact  of  considerable  interest  that  one  of  the 
first  telephone  exchanges  in  the  United  States  went 
into  commercial  service  in  St.  Louis  on  May  i,  1878. 
Yet,  in  spite  of  this  early  start,  local  development 
has  not  kept  pace  with  that  of  other  smaller  cities,  par- 
ticularly some  of  those  of  the  Far  West,  for  at  the  pres- 
ent time  the  total  number  of  subscribers  of  the  two  com- 
panies is  somewhat  below  the  normal  for  a  city  of  the  size 
of  St.  Louis.  A  marked  improvement  has,  however, 
manifested  itself  rtceutly.  especially  in  the  last  two  years, 
while  the  mmiber  of  subscribers  per  hundred  of  popula- 
tion has  increased  230  per  cent,  since  January,  1901.  A 
study  of  the  subjoined  table  shows  clearly  the  present 
healthy  rate  of  growth  and  indicates  that  in  the  near 
future  the  city  will  take  its  proper  rank  in  the  telephone 
f^eld: 


Date 


January,     1898 

l-'ebruary,  1899 

January,  1900 

1 90 1 

1902 

1903 

1904 

July,     1904 


Popula- 
tion* 


542,000 
556,000 
569,000 
583,000 
597,000 
612,000 
626,000 
636,000 


Subscribers 


liell 
4.639 


6.155 

7.655 

10,329 

13.931 
20,000 


Kinloch 


Subscribers  per 
hundred  of 
popuIation^ 

I'ell      Kinloch 


4,000 
5.433 
5.999 
7.355 
8.483 
10.000 
14,000 


1.06 
1.28 
1.69 
2.22 

3-14 


0.72 
0.96 
'.03 
1-^3 
1-39 
1.60 
2.20 


*The  figures  for  the  population  are  liased  upon  a  curve  prepared 
by  Mr^  Roljert  Moore.  I'ast- President  of  the  American  Society  of 
Civil  linRineers,  for  a  paper  on   "The  Vital  Statistics  of  St,  Louis." 

A  review  of  the  local  situation  may  perhaps  be  made 
to  best  advantage  by  separate  consideration  of  the  two 
com])anies,  the  Bell  Telephone  Company  of  .Missouri  and 
the  Kinloch  Telephone  Company,  beginning  with  the  for- 

uur.  since  it  was  first  in  the  field. 


^?,^ 


The  "Bell  Telephone  Company  of 
Missouri 

T]1E  pioneer  wurk  of  this  company  presents  many 
features  of  interest,  and  is  typical  of  the  evohi- 
tion    that    has    transformed    the   telephone    in    a 
single  gcneraticju  from  a  scientific  toy  to  an  in- 
strument of  enormous  industrial  importance. 

The  original  exchange,  which  was  located  at  417  Olive 
street,  had,  at  the  time  of  its  opening,  four  subscribers. 
A  magneto  system  was  employed,  and  receiver  and  trans- 
mitter were  practically  identical,  the  Blake  transmitter 
not  having  been  invented  at  that  time.  Somewhat  later 
the  Law  system  of  horizontal  multiple  switchboard  with 
local  battery  was  adopted,  and  the  system  was  extended 
l)y  the  addition  of  branch  exchanges.  In  May,  1884, 
".Main"  exchange  was  located  at  417  Olive  street,  "Lef- 
fingwell"  on  Leffingwell  (Twenty-eighth  street),  between 
Washington  avenue  and  Locust  street,  "Cass"  on  Twejfth 
street  and  Cass  avenue,  "Rutger"  on  Third  and  Rutger 
streets,  and  "East"  in  East  St.  Louis,  in  what  was  then 
called  Flanagan's  Hotel.  In  July  of  the  same  year  an- 
other exchange  was  opened  in  Carondelet,  the  southern 
part  of  the  city.  All  of  these  exchanges  were  equipped 
with  the  Law  system,  except  Leffingwell,  where  a  mag- 
neto system  was  still  retained;  the  distribution,  as  a 
whole,  foreshadowed  that  now  in  use.  During  the  win- 
ter of  1885-6  the  cupola  of  the  Main  exchange  was  de- 
stroyed by  fire,  whereupon  a  new  Main  was  installed  at 
I*"ourth  and  Pine  streets,  with  a  capacity  of  i.Soo  sub- 
scribers. The  board  was  enlarged  from  time  to  time 
until  about  4/)00  lines  were  connected,  when  all  of  the 
br.'inch  exchanges  were  ab.'indoned.  all  traffic  being 
li.'Miilled   ;it    Main.      In    i8(;_^,   however,  the  jirowth   of  the 

-'35 


'?(5 


T  Ji  c   St.    Louis 


Electrical    Hand  h  a  o  k 


^37 


system  required  the  addition  of  branch  offices,  and  others 
have  since  been  added  as  necessity  has  demanded. 

The  original  Law  boards  were  quite  small  according 
to  modern  standards,  having  been  only  large  enough  to 
accommodate  four  operators,  three  for  local  work  and 
one  for  incoming  calls.  The  board  was  so  arranged  that 
all  local  subscribers"  lines  terminated  near  its  centre,  the 
rest  of  the  board  being  provided  with  a  series  of  brass 
strips  spaced  about  one-quarter  inch  apart,  and  provided 


witli  nunu-rous  iioles,  wliicli  were  used  partly  for  local 
and  partlj'  for  incoming  and  outgoing  trunk  connections. 
A  subscriber  desiring  a  local  connection  had  first  to  push 
a  button  which  connected  his  set  to  a  call  circuit  con- 
stantly held  by  the  operator,  and  then  to  call  his  own 
number  as  well  as  that  of  the  station  wanted.  The  op- 
erator, in  turn,  acknowledged  the  receipt  of  the  call  by 
tapping  caller's  bell,  ;ui(l,  after  rinf,'ing  tlie  bell  nf  sub- 
scriber wanted,  plugged  both  lines  to  one  of  the  i)rass 
strips.  In  case  of  a  call  for  a  non-local  subscriber,  the 
operator  would   use  a  call   button  to  the  particular  ex- 


^?^ 


T  Ji  c   St.    Lou  is 


O 


■^     -naCr-^s*^ : 


s^>^-  > 


IPPI 


Electrical    H  a  n  d  h  u  o  k  3^g 

change  in  which  the  called  line  terminated,  after  which 
the  method  outlined  above  was  followed. 

After  the  abandonment  of  the  branch  offices,  which, 
of  course,  did  away  with  trunking,  the  service  was  con- 
siderably improved,  and  the  system  reached  its  greatest 
perfection.  It  is  hardly  necessary  to  state,  however,  that 
even  at  its  best  it  could  not  compare  in  efficiency  with  the 
present  standard ;  for  example,  trouble  on  a  single  call 
line  affected  all  subscribers  using  that  wire,  and  leakage 
from  power  circuits  rendered  the  service  very  poor  over 
all  lines  near  the  leak.  Another  prolific  cause  of  trouble 
was  the  battery  at  the  subscribers'  stations. 

Following  the  reintroduction  of  branch  exchanges  in 
1893,  Messrs.  Durant,  Shaw  and  Dean  perfected  and  in- 
stalled a  trunking  system  called  the  Columbia  trunk  sys- 
tem, or  the  Dean  common  battery  system.  This  was 
operated  betw'een  Main  and  the  Lindell  exchange,  at  that 
•time  located  at  3456  Lindell  avenue.  The  trunk  lines, 
connected  in  multiple  at  every  fourth  or  fifth  position  on 
the  l)oar(l.  were  proxidcd  with  signal  lamps  at  corre- 
s])()n(ling  intervals,  which  remained  lighted  while  the 
line  was  busy,  so  that  all  operators  could  see  whether  a 
line  was  in  use  or  not.  An  operator  at  ]\Iain  receiving  a 
call  for  Lindell  would  connect  to  an  unused  trunk,  there- 
by lighting  a  lamp  at  Lindell  on  that  line;  Lindell  oper- 
ator. i)icking  up  the  corresponding  cord,  would  ask  num- 
ber and  then  plug  to  the  proper  jack,  thereby  putting  out 
the  signal  lamp.  After  the  Main  subscril^er  called  oflf, 
.Main  ojjcrator  would  strip  the  connection,  thus  putting 
out  all  lamps  at  Main  on  this  trunk  and  at  the  same  time 
again  lighting  the  lamp  at  Lindell,  whereupon  Lindell 
operator  would  strip  connections,  and  again  extinguish 
the  lani]).  .Mxuit  llii--  time  alsn.  a  few  subscribers  were 
provided  with  metallic  circuits,  winch  were  operated  at 
a  toll  board  distinct  from  the  main  one. 

During  this  jieriod  of  the  growth  of  the  system,  the 
subject  of  putting  all  wires  underground  in  the  business 
district  began  to  be  seriously  considered.  After  much 
hampering  legislation,  a  Subway  Commission  was  ap- 
jxiintcd  by  the  .Mayor  in  Xovember.  iSg3,  to  consider  the 


2^0 


The    St.    L  o  II  i . 


Cable  Head 


Electrical    Ha  n  d  h  o  o  k  241 

matter  thoroughly.  An  ordinance  was  finally  adopted  on 
September  8,  1896,  which  regulated  the  construction  and 
operation  of  underground  conduits  in  the  city,  and  is 
still  in  force.  It  provided,  in  brief,  that  no  wires,  tubes 
or  cables,  conducting  or  transmitting  electricitj',  should 
be  placed  above  the  surface  of  the  street,  alley  or  public 
place  in  the  district  of  the  city  bounded  on  the  east  by  the 
Mississippi  River,  on  the  west  by  the  west  line  of  Twenty- 
second  street,  on  the  north  by  the  north  line  of  Wash 
street,  and  on  the  south  by  the  south  line  of  Spruce 
street,  and  its  prolongation  to  the  west  line  of  Twenty- 
second  street,  after  December  31,  1898.  It  further  pro- 
vided that  poles  might  be  placed  in  the  alleys  for  pur- 
poses of  distribution,  provided  that  plans  had  been  ap- 
proved and  permits  had  been  issued  by  the  Board  of 
Public  Improvements.  The  construction  of  the  conduits 
of  the  Bell  company  was  started  on  April  19,  1897,  and 
four  months  later,  on  August  17,  cables  were  drawn 
through  the  ducts.  At  the  present  time  the  conduit  sys- 
tem is  much  more  extensive,  as  trunk  line  conduits  have 
been  built  to  all  of  the  branch  exchanges,  even  those  sit- 
uated far  out  in  the  residence,  or  overhead,  district. 

Twelfth  street  divides  the  underground  territory  into 
east  and  west  districts.  In  the  latter,  terminal  poles 
carrying  the  runs  are  located  at  tiie  entrances  of  alleys 
intersecting  the  streets.  The  cables  on  leaving  the  man- 
holes are  led  through  3-in.  iron  pipes  to  the  terminal 
poles  and  terminate  in  a  cable  head.  The  various  cir- 
cuits are  then  di.stributed  to  the  subscribers  by  short 
overhead  lines.  East  of  Twelfth  street,  in  the  purely 
business  district,  the  underground  construction  has  been 
rigidly  adhered  to.  From  the  street  manhole,  distribut- 
ing ducts  are  run  through  the  alleys,  each  being  provided 
with  a  manhole  at  its  centre  and  one  at  the  end  where  the 
cable  is  dead-ended.  The  cable  head  is  located  in  the 
manhole  in  the  centre  of  the  alley,  and  along  the  duct,  at 
intervals  determined  by  tiie  requirements,  junction  sec- 
tions are  inserted,  from  which  the  single  pair  lead-cov- 
ered cables  are  led  through  3-in.  iron  pipe  into  the  base- 
ment of  the  building  in  which  the  subscriber  is  located. 


2/^2 


The   St.    Louis 


In  office  buildings  containing  a  large  number  of  sub- 
scribers an  entire  cable  enters  the  basement  and  termi- 
nates in  a  cable  head.  The  distribution  tile  used  in  these 
short  lateral  runs  is  of  the  Johnston  type.  It  is  made  in 
2-ft.  lengths,  and  consists  of  two  through  ducts  for  single 
pair  cables,  one  enclosed  cable  duct,  and  a  shallow  chan- 
nel above  the  latter,  which  is  provided  for  the  purpose  of 
admitting  a  device  for  drawing  in  the  single  pairs.     The 


L'nderground  Constructn  m 

junction  sections  are  like  the  distributing  tile,  but  have  in 
addition  a  3-in.  side  opening  for  lateral  connections. 

All  the  main  runs  consist  in  general  of  sM-i"-  hollow 
l)rick  tile  18  in.  long,  of  octagonal  exterior,  made  of 
sewer  pipe  clay,  glazed  inside  and  out,  made  by  Evens 
and  Howard  of  St.  Louis.  This  pipe  was  laid  5^ 
in.  between  centres,  the  intervening  space  being  filled 
in  with  cement  mortar ;  successive  rows  being  sep- 
arated vertically  by  a  half-inch  layer.  The  abutting 
joints,  broken  horizontally  and  vertically,  were  encased 
in  cement  mortar  consisting  of  one  part  of  cement  and 
two  parts  of  sand.     The  mandril  used  for  aligning  the 


Electrical    H  a  ii  d  b  o  o  k 


-^43 


joints  and  keeping  the  ducts  clear  consisted  of  a  cylin- 
drical piece  of  wood  three  feet  long,  provided  with  a 
washer  at  its  inner  end  and  a  hook  at  its  outer  end.  The 
best  American  Portland  cement  was  used.  The  concrete 
foundations  for  the  conduits  varied  in  depth  from  4  to 
6  inches,  according  to  the  number  of  laj'ers  of  duct.  The 
sides  and  top  of  the  conduit  were  covered  with  irom 
3  to  4  inches  of  concrete  mixed  in  the  proportion  of  one 
part  of  cement,  three  of  sand  and  six  of  broken  stone. 


I'Llectric  Caljle-Draw  ine  .\iitomol)ile 

Only  a  short  length  of  multiple  duct  was  laid  at  the  time 
of  the  original  construction,  and  none  has  been  built 
since.  The  ducts  in  the  short  length  in  use  consist  of 
four  rectangular  compartments,  3^  in.  wide  by  4  in. 
deep,  with  i-in.  walls.  It  is  made  in  2- ft.  lengths  and  is 
intended  only  for  places  where  multiples  of  four  were 
used,  since  the  roof  of  one  layer  is  formed  by  the  bottom 
of  the  one  above ;  a  close  fit  is  insured  by  a  tongue-and- 
groove  joint.  The  top  is  closed  by  an  arched  sheet  of 
No.  22  mild  steel,  bent  to  lap  over  the  sides.  The  stand- 
ard manhole  is  5  ft.  cube  with  (;-in.  brick  walls,  concrete 
bottoms,  a  6-in.  clay  tile  sewer  with  a  ■)4  S  iron  trap,  anci 


244 


The   St.    L  u  n  is 


a  grated  cover  when  necessary.  The  roof  is  of  concrete 
lO  in.  thick,  u  itli  an  opening  for  a  24-in.  hy  30-in.  self- 
locking  cast  steel  cover,  either  of  tlie  solid  or  ventilated 


pattern,  and  provided  with  dirt  pans  beneath.  The  larg- 
est manhole  is  the  main  vault  under  the  street  on  the  west 
side  of  the  Telephone  Building,  where  the  Main  exchange 
is  located.     It  is  24  ft.  by  i^v,  ft.  by  8  ft.,  with  17-in.  brick 


Electrical    Handbook  24^ 

walls,  a  i-in.  air  space  being  left  on  the  inside  course  to 
render  the  manhole  moisture  proof.  The  roof  consists 
of  17  in.  of  concrete,  supported  by  12-in.  steel  I  beams. 

The  original  contrivance  used  for  drawing  the  large 
lead-covered  cables  through  the  ducts  consisted  of  a 
small  31/2-h.p.  steam  engine  mounted  on  a  low  wagon  and 
connected  to  a  capstan.  \\'ith  this  arrangement  a  speed 
of  25  ft.  of  cable  per  minute  was  easily  attained,  but  it  has 
recently  been  abandoned  in  favor  of  an  electric  automo- 
bile carrying  an  electrically-driven  capstan. 

In  the  meantime,  while  these  improvements  were 
being  made  in  the  distributing  system,  the  exchanges 
themselves  were  undergoing  a  transformation.  The 
"Sidney"  exchange,  at  Eleventh  and  Sidney  streets,  was 
opened  for  service  on  May  15,  1897.  Tt  was  the  first 
modern  common  battery  board  in  St.  Louis.  In  Janu- 
ary, i(S9(S,  the  new  Main  exchange,  in  the  Telephone 
Building  at  Tenth  and  Olive  streets,  was  put  into  opera- 
tion. It  had  a  common  batterj-,  multiple  switchboard, 
and  was  the  second  one  of  the  kind  to  be  installed  in  this 
country.  It  was  the  largest  board  manufactured  at  that 
time,  with  a  capacity  of  5,600  multiple  jacks.  This  office 
has  since  been  equipped  with  an  incoming  trunk  board  of 
9.600  lines  capacity,  and  a  complete  new  power  and  sto- 
rage battery  plant,  'i'he  power  plant  has  a  total  capacity 
of  36  kw.,  and  the  storage  battery  consists  of  two  sets  of 
Chloride  Accumulators,  of  22  volts  each,  and  with  a  dis- 
charge rate  of  400  amperes  for  eight  hours.  With  the 
additional  equipment  ordered,  this  exchange  will  be  one 
of  the  largest  outside  of  New  York  City. 

The  present  system  of  the  P»ell  Telephone  Company  of 
Missouri  consists  of  eight  exchanges,  viz. :  "Main,"  at 
Tenth  and  Olive  streets ;  "Beaumont,"  at  Twenty-seventh 
and  Locust  streets;  "Lindell,"  at  3844  Olive  street;  "For- 
est," at  5144  Delmar  avenue;  "Grand,"  at  1625  South 
Grand  avenue ;  "Sidney,"  at  Eleventh  and  Sidney  streets ; 
"South,"  at  6817  Minnesota  avenue,  and  "  lyler,"  at  Elev- 
enth and  Chambers  streets.  There  is  also  an  exchange 
at  105  Collinsville  avenue.  East  St.  Louis.  111.,  which  is 
called  "East"  or  "Bridge."     In  general,  all  exchanges  are 


246 


The   St.    Louis 


equipped  with  common  battery  relay  type  of  switch- 
boards; the  later  exchanges,  such  as  Beaumont,  Grand 
and  Forest,  have  a  capacity  of  9,600  lines  each,  and  are 
t}'pical  examples  of  the  best  modern  telephonic  engineer- 
ing.    The    underground    conduit    system    occupies    forty 


Electric  Cable-Drawing  Automobile 

miles  of  streets  and  alleys,  and  contains  about  27,000 
miles  of  wire ;  this  is  arranged  in  cables  varying  in  size 
from  I  to  480  pair.  There  are  also  200  miles  of  pole  line, 
carrying  approximately  20,000  miles  of  wire,  of  which 
about  75  per  cent,  is  aerial  cable.  The  toll  line  system 
consists  of  about  3,000  miles  of  line  wire. 


The  Kinloch  Telephone  Company 

Ox  Dcceniher  5,  i8g6,  just  three  months  after  the 
adoption   of  the   city   ordinance   regulating  the 
construction     and     operation     of     underground 
conduits,  the  Kinloch  Telephone  Company  was 
organized,  and  has  almost  from  its  inception  enjoyed  the 
distinction  of  being  the  largest  '"independent"  telephone 
system  in  the  country. 

After  its  incorporation  the  company  lost  but  little  time 
in  iiutting  its  plans  into  execution.     The  construction  of 


Main  Exchange— "A"  iJivision 

the  underground  system  was  begun  on  March  7,  1897, 
some  time  ahead  of  any  of  the  other  wire-using  com- 
panies. The  conduit  was  finished  in  four  months,  and 
by  April  of  the  following  year  the  underground  work  was 
complete.  Simultaneously,  about  12,000  poles  were  set  in 
the  outlying  districts,  and  cables  and  wires  were  strung 
for  the  overhead  lines.      ihis  construction  was  rcniark- 


247 


248 


T  h  c    St.    Lo  It 


able  for  the  exceptionally  straight  poles  and  the  perfect 
alignment. 

In  the  underground  district  there  are  three  principal 
lines  of  conduit  running  north  and  south  on  Seventh, 
Ninth  and  Eleventh  streets.  West  of  Eleventh  street  the 
alleys  take  the  runs  east  and  west.  East  of  Seventh 
street,  in  the  business  district,  the  conduits  are  on  alter- 
nate streets  running  east  and  west,  distributing  from 
cable  heads  on  poles  in  the  alleys  or  from  terminal  heads 
located  in  the  basements  of  office  buildings. 


Rear  \'iew  of  Svvitchljoard — Delniar  .Station 

The  company  used  a  multiple-duct  vitrified  clay  con- 
duit manufactured  by  John  T.  McRoy  of  Chicago.  This 
tile  was  laid  in  two,  three,  four  and  six-duct  sections,  the 
last  two  sizes  preponderating.  The  duct  is  in  6-ft. 
lengths  and  is  of  hard  burned  shale  with  an  exterior  and 
interior  salt  glazing,  the  cross-section  being  rectangular 
with  rounded  corners.  Joints  between  adjacent  sections 
were  made  with  steel  dowel  pins  14  in.  in  diameter  and 
6  in.  long,  the  dowel  hole  running  through  the  entire 
length  of  the  duct  to  permit  of  joints  between  pieces  cut 
from  the  standard  size.     The  joints  were  covered  with 


Electrical    Handbook 


249 


wet  burlap  and  plastered  with  a  coating  of  cement  mor- 
tar. 

The  manholes  were  built  in  three  sizes — y,/^  by  y/2 
ft.,  4  by  4  ft.,  and  5  by  5  ft.,  with  head  room  of  6  ft.  and 
i2-m.  concrete  floors.  The  smallest  size  has  a  corbeling 
top,  supporting  a  cast  iron  frame  and  circular  cover  36  in. 
in  diameter.  The  larger  manholes  have  i8-in.  walls  half 
way  up  and  13-in.  walls  the  rest  of  the  way.  The  roof  is 
of  concrete  supported  on  6-in.  by  2-in.  I  beams. 

The  main  exchange  is  located  on  the  tenth  floor  of 
the  Century  Building,  a  fire-proof  office  building  on  the 


Delmar  Exchange 

northwest  corner  oi  Tenth  and  Olive  streets.  All  under- 
ground cables  enter  the  building  through  a  vault  in  the 
northeast  corner  of  the  basement,  and  pass  to  the  oper- 
ating room  above  througli  a  shaft  i_'0  ft.  long  and  8  ft. 
by  10  ft.  in  cross-section. 

The  original  board  consists  of  a  four-division  mul- 
tiple switchboard  having  an  ultimate  capacity  of  20,000 
lines.  It  was  built  by  the  Kellogg  Company  of  Chicago. 
and  is  the  only  one  of  its  kind  in  operation.  The  orig- 
inal system  contemplated  the  construction  of  the  main 
exchange  only,  the  intention  l)eing  to  do  away  with  all 


250 


The   St.    Lou  is 


Di-tiiluitniL'  Room— Delmar  Exchange 


ower  Room— Deiniar  lixchange 


Electrical    Handbook  2^1 

branch  offices  and  the  incidental  trunking.  The  system 
has  since  been  changed,  however,  and  at  present  there  are 
three  branch  offices  scattered  about  the  city  and  the  im- 
mediate vicinity.  It  is  claimed  that  the  main  board 
handles  at  the  present  time  a  greater  daily  number  of 
connections  than  any  other  exchange  of  equal  size  in 
the  United  States,  and  that  the  storage  battery  used  in 
connection  with  it  has  the  largest  capacity  of  any  used 
for  telephone  purposes  in  the  world. 

The  three  exchanges  at  present  in  operation  in  addi- 
tion to  the  Main  exchange  are :  "Delmar,"  at  Delmar  and 
Newstead  avenues,  with  a  capacity  of  7,200  lines  and  a 
22-volt  common  battery  switchboard ;  "Victor,"  at  Ann 
and  Indiana  avenues,  with  a  capacity  of  7,200  and  a 
44-volt  common  battery  switchboard ;  "St.  Clair,"  at 
I-"itih  and  Missouri  avenues.  East  St.  Louis,  111.,  with  a 
capacity  of  5,000  lines  and  a  _i4-\olt  common  battery 
switchboard. 

The  outside  equipment  consists  of  21,000  miles  of  wire 
and  cable,  partly  of  aerial  and  partly  of  underground 
construction.  There  are  3C0  miles  of  pole  line  and  228 
duct  miles  of  conduit.  The  cables  very  in  size  from  i  to 
400  pair. 


ISOLATED 
ELECTRICAL  PLANTS 


W^ashington  University 

TIIE   new  grounds   and  buildings   of   Washington 
University,  situated  within  the  boundaries  of  the 
Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition,  constitute  one  of 
the  finest  university  phmts  in  the  United  States, 
and  furnish  an  admirable  example  of  what  may  be  done 
by  careful  and  consistent  designing.     Of  the  eleven  build- 
ings now  completed,  seven  had  been  erected  before  the 


University  Ha 


constructional  work  of  the  Fair  had  been  started,  and 
were  to  have  been  occupied  by  the  University  in  the  fall 
of  1902 ;  but  early  in  that  year,  because  of  nuitually  ad- 
vantageous reasons,  the  University  leased  the  property  to 
the  Exposition  Company  for  the  period  of  the  Fair,  re- 
maining in  the  meantime  in  temporary  quarters.  Since 
that  time  ff)ur  more  buildings  have  been  completed. 

Tiu'  University  was  founded  nn  I'ebruary  jj,  185^^.  at 


j>56  The   St.    L  o  11  i  s 

thf  instance  of  Waynian  Crow,  Esq.,  a  Slate  Senator, 
under  the  name  of  the  EHot  Seminary,  in  honor  of  the 
Rev.  WiUiam  G.  EHot,  of  St.  Louis,  but  its  name  was 
afterwards  changed  to  the  Washington  Institute,  and 
later  to  the  Washington  University,  in  deference  to  the 
wishes  of  Dr.  EHot. 

The  charter  granted  by  the  State  Legishiture  is  per- 
petual and  is  of  a  most  broad  and  liberal  order,  no  lim- 
itations being  imposed  except  that  there  shall  be  no  in- 


Library 
struction  of  a  partisan  or  sectarian  nature.  At  the  pres- 
ent time,  the  University  includes  the  following  depart- 
ments :  the  Undergraduate  Department,  consisting  of  the 
College  and  the  School  of  Engineering  and  Architecture; 
the  Henry  Shaw  School  of  Botany,  maintained  in  con- 
nection with  the  Missouri  Botanical  Garden ;  the  St. 
Louis  Law  School ;  the  Medical  Department ;  the  Mis- 
souri Dental  College,  and  the  St.  Louis  School  of  Fine 
Arts.  The  University  also  controls  three  preparatory 
schools,  the  Smith  Academy  and  the  Manual  Training 
School  for  boys,  and  the  ^lary  Institute  for  girls. 

The  University  is  a  private  corporation,  receiving  no 


Electrical    Ha  n  d  b  o  o  k 


O/ 


Slate  aid,  except  that  its  property  is  exempt  from  taxa- 
tion. Its  grounds  and  buildings  and  endowment  fund 
are  wholly  derived  •from  the  <k)nations  of  public-spirited 
citizens. 

The  new  grounds  on  the  World's  Fair  site  cover  an 
area  of  no  acres,  and  are  approximately  three-fourths  of 
a  mile  deep  bj-  one-fourth  of  a  mile  wide.  The  prevail- 
ing style  of  architecture  throughout  the  entire  group  is 
Tudor-Gothic ;    all    the   l)uildings   are   of   fire-proof   con- 


'\a^^<%^. 


imiitLisi    nils,  :  nJTiii     SH 


Liggett  Hall  — Dormitory 

struction,  and  are  built  of  red  Missouri  granite  with  Bed- 
ford linicstnne  trimmings.  They  are  all  heated  and 
lighted  from  a  central  power  plant,  and  are  arranged  in 
quadrangles,  only  one  of  which,  however,  is  complete  at 
the  present  time. 

The  power  house,  located  at  the  foot  of  the  hill  on  the 
north  side  of  the  grounds  and  on  a  spur  track  of  the 
'Frisco-Rock  Island  Railroad,  contains  seven  66-in.  by 
i8-ft.  fire  tube  boilers,  which  furnish  steam  for  three 
Ideal  single-cylinder,  non-condensing  engines,  each  direct 
connected  to  a  go-kw.,  two-phase  alternator.  The  alter- 
nators are  of  the  Genera!  Flectric.  form  D,  compensated 


■:)^ 


The    St.    L  o  II  i  s 


field  type,  and  supply  6o-cyck'  current  at  600  volts  per 
phase.  'JMie  power  house  is  connected  with  the  four 
buildings  of  the  first  quadrangle  (University,  Busch, 
Library,  and  Cupples  Hall  No.  i),  and  with  Eads  Hall, 
Cupples  Hall  No.  2  and  the  Cupples  Engineering  Labo- 
ratory, by  an  underground  tunnel,  7  ft.  wide  l)y  7  ft.  high 
at  the  centre,  and  about  1,900  ft.  long.  In  this  tunnel  are 
carried  the  power  and  lighting  circuits  and  the  steam 
pipes  for  heating.     Provision  has  been  made  for  future 


Interior  of  Power  House 

extension  of  this  tunnel  to  other  outlying  buildings,  but 
at  present  steam  is  carried  to  the  two  dormitories  bj^  a 
pipe  laid  in  a  brick  duct,  the  power  and  lighting  current 
being  transmitted  by  overhead  lines.  The  gymnasium, 
at  the  extreme  western  end  of  the  grounds,  has  an  inde- 
pendent heating  system. 

All  of  the  buildings  are  heated  and  ventilated  by  the 
low-pressure  indirect  system,  using  the  exhaust  steam 
from  the  engines,  and,  if  necessary,  live  steam  taken 
through  a  reducing  valve.  The  warm  air  is  forced 
through  the  buildings  by  Sturtevant  fans,  driven  by  Gen- 
eral Electric  two-phase  induction  motors.  1"hc  motors 
are  of  the  squirrel-cage  type  with  autotransformer  start- 


Electrical    H  a  n  d  b  o  o  h  2f^Q 

ing  compensators,  and  vary  in  size  from  5  h.p.  to  15  h.p., 
taking  current  directly  from  the  line.  Air  is  forced  into 
all  recftation  and  lecture  rooms  at  the  rate  of  2,000  cu.  ft. 
per  hour  per  person.  Temperature  regulation  is  eflfected 
by  the  Johnson  system  of  thermostats. 

All  of  the  buildings  are  electrically  lighted,  a  bank  of 
two  General  Electric,  type  H,  oil-cooled  transformers 
being  installed  in  the  basement  of  each  one  of  them.  The 
banks  vary  in  size  from  5  k\v.  in  the  engine  room  to  50 
k\v.  in  I'niversity  Hall  (Administration  Building).  Both 
power  and  lighting  circuits  are  wired  on  the  three-wire, 
two-phase  system.  This  was  due  to  the  fact  that  an  out- 
side connection  to  a  three-wire,  single-phase  system  from 
a  neighboring  county  power  house  was  provided  for 
lighting  the  dormitories  at  night  and  during  the  summer 
months  when  the  University  plant  might  be  shut  down. 
No  troul)lc  from  unbalanced  phase  regulation  has  been 
encountered,  the  plant  having  been  running  to  its  full 
capacity  since  the  opening  of  the  Fair,  with  frequent  over- 
loads of  50  per  cent.  The  overload  is  due  to  the  fact  that 
the  Exposition  authorities  have  temporarily  added  two 
arc-light  transformers,  each  of  62  kw.  capacity,  for  illu- 
minating the  grounds. 

Tnunediately  after  the  close  of  the  Fair  the  buildings 
will  be  occupied  by  the  Undergraduate  Department  (the 
College  and  the  School  of  Engineering  and  Architec- 
ture). The  plans  adopted  s'ome  time  ago  contemplate  an 
extensive  equipment  for  instruction  in  the  various 
l)ranches  of  engineering,  all  of  which  will  be  of  the  most 
modern  description.  ' 


The  Aiiheuser-Busch  Brewety 

TllM  brewing  of  malt  liquors  is  one  of  the 
chief  industries  of  St.  L(nHS.  The  plant  of 
the  Anheuser-Busch  Brewing  Association, 
the  largest  brewery  in  the  world,  is  located 
here.  This  fine  property  has  been  for  many  years 
one  of  the  most  interesting  sights  of  the  city.  The 
main  office  of  the  works  is  at  Ninth  and  Pestalozzi 
streets,  and  may  be  reached  by  the  south-bound 
Broadw^aj'  (Fifth  street)  and  the  Cass  avenue  trol- 
ley car.  The  plant  covers  125  acres,  extending  east- 
ward to  the  river  front,  and  is  completely  ecjuipped 
for  the  manufacture  of  all  auxiliaries  necessary  for 
marketing  its  product;  for  example,  kegs,  barrels, 
boxes,  and  bottles. 

From  an  engineering  standpoint  the  plant  pre- 
sents many  features  of  interest.  It  has  its  own 
power  house,  refrigerating  plant,  water-works,  and 
mechanical  filter  plant, — all  these  are  on  a  scale 
that  compare  with  municipal  installations  in  many 
large  towns.  There  is  also  a  complete  system 
of  switching  tracks  connecting  the  various  build- 
ings, aggregating  six  miles  of  track,  operated  by 
five  steam  locomotives.  An  idea  of  the  magnitude 
of  the  works  may  perhaps  be  obtained  from  the  fol- 
lowing data: 

Number  of  employees,  5,000;  daily  capacity  of 
brew-house,  6,000  barrels;  bottling  works,  800,000 
bottles;  inalt-h-oiise,  9,000  bushels;  storage  elevators, 
1,250,000  bushels;  stock-house,  450,000  barrels;  the 
steam  power  plant  has  a  rated  capacity  of  7,750  h.  p.; 
electric  light  plant.  4,000  h.  p.,  and  the  ice  and 
refrigerating  plant  has  a  daily  capacity  of  3.300 
tons.  The  total  output  for  the  year  1903  was  1,201,- 
762  barrels. 

260 


Electrical    Handbook  261 

The  boiler  houses,  of  which  there  are  seven  in  all, 
contain  a  total  of  10,125  boiler  horse  power,  distrib- 
uted as  follows: 

Boiler-house  No.  i.  11  boilers.  450  h.p.  each.  4-950  h.p. 
Boiler-house  No.  2,    5  boilers,  one  of  650  h.p. 

one  of  500  h.p. 
three  of  400  h.p. 

2.350  h.p. 

Boiler-house  No.  3.    5  boilers.  300  h.p.  each.  1,500  h.p. 

Boiler-house  No.  4,    2  boilers,  200  h.p.  each,  400  h.p. 

Boiler-house  No.  5,    3  boilers,  200  h.p.  each,  600  h.p. 

Boiler-house  No.  6,    2  boilers,  125  h.p.  each,  250  h.p. 

Boiler-house  No.  7,    1  boiler,      75  liP-  75  hp- 

10,125  h.p. 

Five  of  the  boilers  of  No.  i,  and  all  of  those  of 
No.  2,  are  equipped  with  Hawley  down-draft  grates, 
all  of  the  other  boilers  having  plain  grates.  Boiler- 
houses  Nos.  I,  2  and  3  have  brick  stacks  275  feet,  2C0 
feet,  and  200  feet  high,  respectively,  while  those  of 
Nos.  4,  5,  6,  and  7  are  smaller,  varying  from  60  to  80 
feet  in  height. 

The  refrigerating  plant  supplies  a  large  amount 
of  ice  for  the  local  market  as  well  as  all  ice  and 
refrigeration  required  in  the  cold-storage  vaults  of 
the  brewery  itself.  The  refrigerating  machines,  all 
of  the  De  la  Vergne  type,  are  located  in  two  plants. 
No.  I  and  No.  2.  No.  i  contains  seven  machines, 
ranging  in  capacit\-  from  "^  to  500  tons,  while  No. 
2  has  one  machine  of  470  tons  capacity. 

The  electric  light  and  power  plant  contains  two 
500-kw.,  220-volt,  direct-current  generators,  each 
direct  connected  to  cSoo  h.p..  compound  condensing 
engines.  At  the  jjresent  time  there  are  being  in- 
stalled two  200-kw..  220-voit,  direct-current  gen- 
erators, each  direct  connected  to  a  300  h.]).  De  Laval 
steam  turbine. 

The  water-works,  located  near  the  river  front, 
contain    tliree    W'orthington    triplex    electric    pumps. 


262  The   St.    Louis 

each  of  j.ooo.ooo  gallims  capacity;  and  a  centrifu- 
gal pump  is  now  in  course  of  erection.  The  water 
is  partially  clarified  in  two  steel  settling  tanks, 
each  75  ft.  in  diameter  and  20  ft.  high,  and  is  stoied 
in  a  settling  reservoir  of  1,000,000  gallons  capacity. 
There  is  also  a  mechanical  filter  plant  consisting 
()f  twelve   14-ft.  filters. 

At  Main  and  Dorcas  streets  is  located  the  bottle- 
glass  factory  of  tlie  A.  Busch  Glass  Manufactur- 
ing Company,  which  contains  the  largest  tank- 
furnace  in  tile  world:  it  is  a  20-ring  regenerative 
furnace,  with  a  capacity  of  50  tons  in  24  hours.  At 
Belleville.  111.,  15  miles  from  St.  Louis,  is  the  bottle 
factory  proper;  this  is  ecjuipped  with  three  continu- 
ous tank-furnaces  of  2>2  rings.  The  capacity  is  82 
tons  in  24  hours,  or  the  equivalent  of  164.000  bottles. 

The  plant,  as  a  whole,  is  a  model  self-contained 
unit,  and  is  well  worth  visiting. 


77?^  New  Carleton  IV holes  ale  Build- 
ing 

THE  modern  fire-proof  building  designed  for  con- 
ducting the  business  of  a  wholesale  dry  goods 
company  in  the  most  efficient  and  economical 
manner  has  passed  through  various  stages  of 
development,  until  it  has  become  closely  associated  with 
electrical  engineering,  since  all  the  operations  required 
for  ventilating  and  lighting  the  building  and  handling 
the  goods  are  accomplished  by  means  of  electric  power. 
The  building  recently  erected  in  St.  Louis  at  the  north- 
east corner  of  Twelfth  street  and  Washington  avenue 
for  the  Carleton  Dry  Goods  Company  is  a  good  example 
of  the  latest  practice  in  this  class  of  building.  The  en- 
gines driving  the  dynamos  and  the  boiler-feed  pumps  are 
the  only  steam-driven  units  in  the  plant.  All  other 
machinery  and  appliances  are  operated  by  electric  motors. 

The  building  itself  comprises  ten  stories,  a  basement 
extending  under  the  entire  building,  and  a  sub-basement 
occupying  about  one-fourth  of  the  area.  The  total  floor 
space  is  217.500  sq.  ft.,  or  about  5  acres.  Space  was  con- 
sidered of  sufficient  value  to  warrant  placing  all  machin- 
ery in  the  sub-basement.  The  building  is  of  fireproof 
construction  throughout  with  steel  framework  enclosed 
in  concrete  fire-proofing,  and  all  floors  are  made  of  solid 
concrete  with  corrugated  iron  bars  for  reinforcement. 
The  building  is  faced  with  brick,  with  tile  trimmings, 
ilu-  first  flof)r  is  17  ft.  high  and  the  other  floors  and 
basement  are  each  approximately  12  ft.  high. 

The  mechanical  and  electrical  e(|uipment  of  the  build- 
ing consists  of  a  boiler  and  heating  plant,  dynamos  and 
engines,  a  storage  battery,  and  the  electric  elevator 
plant. 

'ihe    boiler    jjlant    consists    of    three    165    h.p.    safety 


264  T li  c    St.    L  0  u  is 

\vater-tul)e  boilers.  Ilic  furnaces  are  of  the  smokeless 
down-draft  type,  as  recjuired  by  the  city  ordinances. 
This  type  of  furnace  is  somewhat  more  efficient  than  the 
common  furnace,  and  when  properly  handled  and  not 
forced  is  smokeless.  The  boilers  are  designed  and  tested 
for  225  lb.  pressure  and  are  operated  at  130  lb.  gauge 
pressure. 

The  system  of  high-pressure  pipe  work  connecting 
these  boilers  with  the  engines  is  all  supplied  with  e.xtra- 
heavy  valves  and  fittings  put  together  with  copper  gas- 
kets, secureh'  supjiorted  to  the  walls  and  ceiling  of  the 
room. 

The  building  is  heated  throughout  all  the  upper  stories 
bj'  means  of  radiators  connected  to  a  one-pipe  down-feed 
system. 

The  basement  and  first  floor  are  heated  and  ventilated 
by  the  hot-blast  system,  providing  heat  in  winter  and 
ventilation  in  summer.  There  is  an  air-shaft  extending 
from  the  top  of  the  building  to  the  sub-basement  located 
at  one  side  of  the  stairway.  In  the  sub-basement  this 
air-duct  runs  beneath  the  basement  floor  into  the  room 
provided  for  the  heating  and  ventilating  system.  There 
is  also  a  by-pass  on  the  first  floor  by  which  air  can  be 
taken  from  the  first  fl(5or  during  extremely  cold  weather 
and  returned  to  the  fan,  thus  avoiding  the  necessity  of 
heating  air  at  zero  temperature.  The  air  passes  over 
coils  of  one-inch  pipe  through  which  exhaust-steam  is 
circulated  and  is  then  draw-n  through  a  large  fan  driven 
by  a  15  h.p  electric  motor  and  then  forced  through  a 
system  of  ducts  laid  beneath  the  basement  floor  to  dif- 
ferent risers  distributed  around  the  building,  through 
which  it  is  carried  up  to  registers  located  in  the  first 
story.  During  the  summer  this  fan  is  run  without  any 
steam  in  the  heating  coils,  and  furnishes  pure  air  for 
ventilating  purposes. 

In  connection  with  this  heating  and  ventilating  plant 
there  is  provided  an  air-washing  system  which  cleanse.s 
and  purifies  all  of  the  air  before  it  passes  through  the 
fan  and  enters  the  heating  system.  This  air-washing 
apparatus    consists    of    a    system    of    small    spray-heads 


Electrical    H  a  ii  d  b  o  o  k  26  j 

located  within  a  spray-chaml)er  wliich  provides  a  shower 
of  finely  divided  water  through  which  all  the  air  passes 
This  water  collects  in  a  pan  at  the  bottom  and  is  drawn 
off  by  a  pump  which  forces  it  again  through  the  spray- 
heads,  the  same  water  being  used  over  and  over  again 
until  it  is  so  dirty  that  it  needs  to  be  replaced.  After  the 
air  passes  through  the  spray-chamber  it  passes  over  a 
system  of  baffle-plates,  consisting  of  galvanized-iron  slats 
l)laced  like  the  slats  of  a  window-shutter,  one  behind  the 
other,  so  that  the  air  in  passing  through  them  comes  in 
contact  with  the  surface  of  the  slats;  these  slats  take  up 
all  the  water,  leaving  the  air  perfectly  dry. 

The  dynamos  and  engines  consist  of  three  loo-kw. 
units.  The  engine-cylinders  are  compounded  and  the 
dynamos  are  direct  connected.  The  cables  connecting 
the  switchboard  with  the  dynamos  are  lead  covered  and 
placed  in  tile  ducts  concealed  beneath  the  engine-room 
floor. 

The  switchboard  is  of  marble  approximately  15  ft. 
long  and  7  ft.  high.  There  are  8  panels  on  the  board. 
The  first  three  are  dynamo  panels,  one  for  each  unit. 
The  fourth  panel  contains  all  the  switches  for  the  differ- 
ent lighting  circuits  throughout  the  building;  one  switch 
and  its  corresponding  feeder  carrying  the  lights  upon  two 
floors.  The  next  three  panels  contain  the  instruments, 
switches,  etc..  necessary  with  the  battery  and  booster  ap- 
paratus. The  last  panel  contains  the  switches  and  cir- 
cuit-breakers for  the  10  elevators  in  this  building. 

'i"he  storage-battery  is  located  in  a  room  by  itself  ju.--t 
north  of  the  engine-room.  This  room  has  a  vitrified-tile 
floor.  I'here  is  an  opening  in  the  wall,  connecting  with 
the  space  around  the  smoke-stack,  which  provides  for 
ventilation  so  that  the  acid  fumes  which  are  given  off 
when  the  battery  is  charged — especially  when  it  is  over- 
charged— make  their  escajjc  witlmut  jiassing  through  the 
engine-room.  The  liattery  consists  of  one  hundred  and 
forty  _'00  ami)ere  cells  and  has  a  capacity  of  46  kw.  on  one 
hour's  discharge.  In  connection  with  this  battery  there 
is  a  duplicate  motor-driven  booster  set,  consisting  of  two 
motors  each  driving  a  specially-wound  generator.     These 


266  T  h  c   S  t .    Li)  II I  s 

boosters  are  used  either  for  charging  the  Ijattery  or  for 
controlling  the  load  on  the  engines  when  the  elevators 
are  in  operation. 

The  batter.v  is  so  connected  by  means  of  the  regulat- 
ing booster  that  it  takes  the  fluctuations  of  load  produced 
by  the  elevators  so  that  the  variation  on  the  engine  is 
less  than  50  li.p.,  and  one  engine  will  therefore  carry  the 
entire  elevator  load  throughout  the  day.  In  addition, 
this  engine  will  furnish  the  lights  required  during  the 
day.  and  also  furnish  power  for  about  30  h.p.  of  motors 
driving  heating  and  ventilating  fans,  cash-carrier  system, 
pumps,  etc.  This  leads  to  decided  economy  in  the  use  of 
coal  in  the  plant.  The  storage-battery  also  serves  an 
important  function  in  providing  for  light  at  night,  mak- 
ing it  unnecessary  to  operate  the  plant  after  business 
hours.  The  building  was  not  piped  at  all  for  gas,  entire 
dependence  being  placed  upon  the  storage-battery. 

The  electric-elevator  plant  consists  of  three  high- 
speed passenger  elevators,  operating  at  a  speed  of  400  ft. 
per  minute,  and  five  large  freight  elevators  carrying 
3.C00  lbs.  at  a  speed  of  275  ft.  per  minute.  In  addition 
there  are  two  one-story  lifts  operating  from  the  basement 
to  the  first  storj-  only.  Each  carries  a  load  of  4.000  lbs. 
at  a  speed  of  100  ft.  per  minute. 

The  building  is  lighted  throughout  by  standard  en- 
closed arc-lamps,  provided  with  porcelain  shade  reflect- 
ors. The  arc-lamps  are  hung  on  pendent  fi.xtures.  and 
near  each  lamp  is  a  push-button  switch,  suspended  from 
the  ceiling,  by  which  it  may  be  controlled.  The  lamps 
are  also  connected  so  that  they  can  be  controlled  two  on 
a  circuit  from  a  central  panel  or  switchboard  nenr  the 
elevator   shaft. 

The  wiring  of  the  liuilding  is  in  iron  conduit  through- 
out except  the  feeders  which  run  open  in  the  elevator 
shaft.  All  circuit  connections,  terminals,  etc.,  are  located 
on  a  fireproof  marble  tablet  and  the  entire  tablet  enclosed 
by  a  fireproof  cabinet  with  door  provided  with  lock  and 
ke^^ 


ELECTRICAL 
MANUFACTURING  PLANTS 


The  Wagner  Electric  Manufactur- 
ing Company 

IN  the  line  of  electrical  nianufacturing,  the  largest 
individual  enterprise  in  St.  Louis  is  the  plant  of 
the  Wagner  Electric  Manufacturing  Company,, 
located  at  2013-21  Locust  street.  This  company 
began  its  mercantile  career  in  i8gi  in  a  $10,000  cor- 
poration for  the  manufacture  of  alternating-current 
desk  fan-motors.  The  founders  of  the  company  con- 
templated a  very  small  enterprise  only,  but  by  rapid 
stages  the  business  expanded  to  its  present  condition 
of  being  one  of  the  recognized  leading  electrical 
interests  of  the  United  States. 

The  products  of  the  Wagner  company  are  at 
present  practically  con  fined  to  four  specialties — 
single-phase  alternating-current  power  motors;  static 
transformers;  switchboard  instruments,  and  direct 
ctirrent  motors  and  generators. 

From  an  engineering  point  of  view  the  most  in- 
teresting product  of  the  company'  is  its  single-phase 
alternating-current  power  motor.  European  engi- 
neers will  be  especially  interested  in  this  motor,  as  its 
wide  adoption  in  American  practice  is  a  distinct  de- 
parture from  the  prevailing  European  practice.  It 
is  unusual  on  the  Continent  to  install  single-phase 
motors  where  ])olyphase  current  supplj-  is  available. 
In  the  United  States  exactly  the  ojiposite  practice 
holds;  single-phase  motors  are  frequently  installed' 
on  polyphase  systems,  in  fact,  to-day  all  of  the  best 
po]y])hase  stations  of  .America  are  large  tisers  of 
single-phase  motors,  the  jjrevailing  sizes  varying 
from  0.5  h.p.  to  40  h.p. 

The  Wagner  company's  form  of  motor  is  built 
under   the   patents  of   Professor   ]•",.   Arnold,  as   com- 

269 


270 


The    St.    Lou  i  s 


billed  with  a  mimln-r  of  important  subsidiary  patents. 
The  method  of  construction  and  operation  is  as 
follows: 

Mechanically  the  motor  con>ists  of  a  stationary 
primary,  or  inducing  member,  with  a  revolving  sec- 
ondary. The  primary  member  for  standard  constant- 
speed  motors,  is  wound  with  so-called  "pancake" 
coils,  the  wire  being  threaded  through  partially- 
closed     slots.     The    secondary     corresponds    to     tlie 


Fig.  I 

well-known  direct-current  armature,  except  that  a 
vertical  rather  than  a  horizontal  commutator  is  used. 
The  rotor  also  carries  mounted  closely  upon  the 
shaft  a  centrifugal  governor  mechanism  by  means 
of  which  the  commutator  may  be  completely  short- 
circuited  through  a  series  of  small  links  when  the 
speed  of  rotation  is  such  as  to  throw  this  governor 
into  action.  The  same  centrifugal  operation  also 
serves  either  to  entirely  remove  the  carbon  brushes 
from  the  commutator,  or  to  remove  the  tension  from 
the  brushes.     In  electrical  performance,  two   sets  of 


Electrical    Handbook  2/i 


C^    - 


2^2 


The    St.    L  0  II  is 


working  connections  arc  utilized,  one  for  starting 
and  the  other  for  running.  In  tlie  starting  condi- 
tion the  secondary  member  is  short  circuited  through 
the  carbon  brushes,  these  brushes  being  shifted  to 
such  angular  displacement  as  to  start  the  motor  on 
the  repulsion  principle.  Under  these  starting  condi- 
tions, the  motor  quickly  attains  synchronous  speed, 
at  which  point  the  centrifugal  governor  comes  into 
action,  short  circuiting  the  commutator,  and  remov- 
ing  the    brushes.     In    this    condition    the    rotor    cor- 


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responds  substantially  to  the  rotor  of  a  polyphase 
motor. 

The  external  appearance  of  the  Wagner  motor 
is  illustrated  in  Fig.  i;  the  internal  construction  in 
Fig.  2;  running  characteristics  for  a  lO-h.p.  motor 
in  Fig.  3,  and  starting  characteristics  in  Fig.  4. 

In  explanation  of  Fig.  4  it  maj'  be  stated  that  the 
Wagner  form  of  motor  is  capable  of  being  started 
either  In'  the  direct  application  of  supply  voltage  to 
the  motor  terminals,  or  by  the  introduction  of  a  non- 
inductive  starting  rheostat  in  the  stator  circuit. 
The  torciue  and  current  characteristics  for  the  former 


Electrical    H  a  )i  d  b  o  o  k 


27S 


starting  condition  are  shown  by  the  dotted  lines  in 
Fig.  4,  while  the  corresponding  characteristics  for 
the  latter  condition  are  shown  in  the  solid  lines  on 
the  diagram.  It  is  the  practice  of  the  majority  of 
American  central  stations  to  apply  motors  of  S  h.p. 
or  less  capacity  without  a  starting  rheostat,  while 
for  larger  motors  the  rheostat  is  used. 

The  factors  contributing  to  the  successful   intro- 
duction of  the  single-phase  motor  are  the  simplicity 


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of  line  construction,  and  aliility  tn  serve  power  con- 
sumers from  lighting  circuits  through  a  single  step- 
down  transformer  and  a  single  integrating  wattmeter. 
Under  llu-  cunlrid  df  individual  feeder  regulators, 
serxice  regulatinu  is  nnt  seriimsh'  imi)aired  by  giving 
single-phase  motur  service  frnm  llie  lighting  system; 
and  nut  only  in  outlying.  l)ut  in  cnuccntratcd  dis- 
tricts, the  American  central  stations  are  finding  the 
single-phase  motor  a  profitable  means  for  the  devel- 
opment of  day  load. 

The    transformers   manufactured    by    the    W'agncr 


2j/^  The   St.    Louis 

Companj-  arc  of  the  single-phase  U'pe.  The  shell 
form  of  construction  is  employed  throughout  all 
sizes. 

In  the  remaining  lines  of  manufacture,  the  prod- 
ucts of  the  Wagner  Company  correspond  to  the 
usual  standard  forms  f)f  construction,  the  distinguish- 
ing characteristics  being  in  details  largely. 

The  Wagner  Electric  Manufacturing  Company's 
general  offices  are  located  at  the  works  of  the  com- 
pany. A  comprehensive  display  of  the  products  of 
the  company  may  be  seen  in  Electricity  Building,  on 
the   Louisiana  Purchase   Exposition  Grounds. 


The  Emerson  Electric  Manufactur- 
ing Company 

MaXIFACTLKEKS    of    AlTERXATIXG    AXl)    DlRErT-ClRKEXT 

Motors  of  Small  Sizes 

THIS  company  was  organized  in  1890  by  Judge 
J.  W.  Emerson,  A.  W.  !Meston,  and  C.  R. 
Meston.  The  company  brought  out  in  1891 
the  first  successful  alternating-current  fan- 
motor  designed  for  use  on  high-frequency  circuits. 
This  was  a  brush  and  commutator  magnetic  motor. 
Many  of  them  are  still  in  successful  operation  on  this 
kind  of  current. 

About  1895  the  use  of  60-cycle  current  l)ecame 
quite  general  and  the  company  took  up  the  manufac- 
ture of  induction  motors  to  operate  at  this  low  fre- 
quencj-.  In  1897  they  also  designed  the  first  direct- 
connected  slow-speed  alternating-current  ceiling  fan- 
motor.  This  motor  at  once  became  the  standard, 
and  has  remained  the  standard  ceiling  fan-motor  for 
the  alternating  current  up  to  the  present  time. 

The  success  of  this  motor  has  changed  the  lay- 
ing out  of  central  station  fan  circuits.  Before  the 
introduction  of  this  fan  it  was  considered  necessary 
to  run  separate  ceiling  fan  circuits  from  a  direct- 
current  machine,  and  handle  these  fan  circuits  as 
power  circuits;  now  the  practice  is  to  run  all  fans, 
both  desk  and  ceiling,  from  the  lighting  circuits,  and 
thus  render  double  wiring  unnecessary.  Many  sta- 
tions have  discontinued  their  high-pressure  direct- 
current  fan  circuits  entirely  on  this  account. 

This  companj^  manufactures  a  varied  line  of 
single-phase  alternating-current  power  motors  of  tlie 
induction    type,   from   the    smallest    size    (about    1-50 


2j6  The    St.    Lou  is 

h.  p.)  up  to  and  including  Yz  h.  p.  They  also  manu- 
facture single-phase  alternating-current  motors  with 
brushes  and  Cdmmutator  from  i  h.  p.  to  2.5  h,  p. 
During  the  past  two  years  they  have  commenced 
manufacturing  direct-current  motors  of  practically 
the  same  sizes  as  the  alternating  current.  This  com- 
pany makes  about  400  dififerent  kinds  of  motors 
under  i  h.  p.  in  size. 

In  1903  this  company  built  a  new  factor\-  front- 
ing 108  ft.  on  Washington  avenue,  150  ft.  on  Tvventy- 
tirst  street  and  108  ft.  on  St.  Charles  street.  This  is 
a  heavy,  slow-combustion  building,  with  si.K  stories 
and  basement.  The  basement  contains  the  heavy 
work,  such  as  punching,  and  also  a  heavy  stock  of 
castings.  The  first  floor  is  the  general  office,  sample 
room,  and  shipping  department.  The  second  floor 
is  the  drafting  room  and  machine  shop.  The  third 
floor  has  the  time-keeping  and  production  office  and 
stock  room.  The  fourth  floor  is  the  assembling 
room.  At  the  present  time  the  fifth  and  sixth  floors 
are  rented  out  on  a  short  lease. 

The  light  and  power  for  the  entire  building  is 
supplied  by  a  power  plant  located  at  one  end  of  the 
basement.  The  plant  contains  two  50-kw.,  500-volt 
generators,  driven  bj-  high-speed  four-ported  en- 
closed engines.  The  lighting  is  on  the  three-wire 
system  at  225-450  volts,  the  balance  being  provided 
by  a  lo-kw.  balancer  set.  This  balancer  also  fur- 
nislies  current  at  250  volts  for  testing  small  motors. 
All  machinery  used  throughout  the  entire  factory, 
as  well  as  the  elevators,  are  operated  by  electric 
motors. 


The  Moloney  Electric  Company 

THE  Moluney  I-llectric  Company  was  organized 
in   Jnly,    1898.   fi»r  the   manufacture   of   alter- 
nating-current  transformers.     It  occupied  at 
the    outset    one    small    room    of    about    1.200 
sq.  ft.  of  floor  space;  later  on  the  growth  of  the  busi- 
ness necessitated  removal  to  a  new  three-storj^  brick 
building  at  Seventh  and   Hickory  streets,  containing 


T'^l^ 


35.000  s<i.  ft.  of  tloor  space.  This  building  is  ligiit 
and  airy,  and  the  shops  are  provided  with  a  modern 
etpiipment  for  the  economical  manufacture  of  its 
product.  The  machine  tools  are  electrically  driven, 
current  being  supplied  from  the  street  mains,  and 
the  building  is  electrically  lighted  throughout. 

The    standard    Moloney    transformer    is    of    the 

277 


278 


T  he    St.    L  t)  u  is 


Cdrc  type,  and  is  made  to  meet  all  ciininiercial  rc- 
(|uirenu-nts  as  tu  ca])acit3'  and  N'oltage,  though  a 
large  portion  of  the  output  consists  of  special  types 
to  meet  particular  conditions.  The  new  plant  has 
been  specially  designed  for  the  manufacture  nf  high- 
voltage  transformers. 

The  core  consists  of  high-grade  sheet  steel,  cut 
into  rectangular  strips:  these  are  assembled  so  that 
joints  are  broken  in  alternate  layers.  The  secondary 
is  wound   next   to  the   core   and   is   insulated   from   it 


so  as  to  withstand  a  break-down  test  of  3,000  volts. 
In  the  smaller  transformers  the  winding  is  composed 
of  round  wire,  while  in  the  mediimi  and  large  sizes, 
square  or  rectangular  copper  strip  is  used.  In  sizes 
of  over  2.5-kw.  capacity,  the  winding  is  equally  di- 
vided between  the  two  legs  of  the  core.  A  low  cur- 
rent density  is  used,  thus  insuring  small  copper  loss 
and  close  regulation. 

The  primary  winding  is  placed  outside  the  sec- 
ondary coils,  the  insulation  between  the  two  consist- 
ing of  a  cylindrical  shield  of  mica  and  varnished 
cloth.  For  high-voltage  transformers,  working  at 
6.600   volts    or    higher,    a    grounded    metal    shield    is 


E  1  c  c  t  r  i  col    H  a  n  d  h  o  o  k 


279 


placed  between  the  ])rimar3'  and  secondary  for  the 
protection  of  the  latter  in  ease  of  the  development  of 
a  fault  in  the  insulation.  Standard  transformers  de- 
signed for  2,300  primary  volts  are  subjected  to  a  shop 
break-down  test  of  12,000  v(dts  between  primary  and 
secondary  windings;  this  potential  is  proportionally 
increased  for  higher  working  voltages. 

The  primary  coils  are  wound  over  the  instilating 
shield  which  separates  them  from  the  secondary  and 
the  insulation  between  layers  extends  three-fourths 
of  an  inch  beyond  the  last  turn  of  each  layer.  The 
])rimary  coil  is  subdivided  in  transformers  of  large 
size  So  as  to  limit  the  electromotive  force  between 
layers. 

After  assembling,  all  transformers  arc  tested  for 
iron  and  copper  losses  and  regulation,  and  the  pri- 
mary coils  of  2,000-volt  transformers  are  tested  by 
the  application  of  a  pressure  of  6,000  volts  for  five 
minutes. 


The  Columbia  Incaiidescent  Lamp 
Company 

THE  manufacture  of  incandescent  lamps  in  Amer- 
ica has  assumed  tremendous  proportions  since 
the  beginning  of  incandescent  Hghting  25  years 
ago.  It  is  estimated  at  the  present  time  that 
there  are  used  annually  in  this  country  about  40,000,000 
incandescent  lamps.  It  has  never  been  possible  to  deter- 
mine the  exact  number,  but  the  figures  do  not  seem  to  be 
very  far  away  from  those  given. 

When  incandescent  lamps  were  first  introduced  the 
selling  price  was  from  $1.00  to  $1.25  each.  At  present 
the  process  of  manufacture  has  been  developed  to  such  an 
extent  that  the  cost  is  reduced  to  from  16  to  18  cents 
each. 

The  old  forms  of  commercial  incandescent  lamps  were 
not  markedly  different  from  those  in  use  now,  although 
in  the  past  10  or  15  years  there  have  been  a  number  of 
developments  along  particular  lines,  giving  a  peculiar 
appearance  to  some  of  the  lamps.  Some  lamps  were 
manufactured  with  a  flat  instead  of  a  spherical  bottom 
at  the  end  opposite  the  base.  Others  were  exhausted  at 
the  neck  of  the  lamp  instead  of  at  the  bottom  of  the  bulb. 
Other  lamps  were  made  flat  on  one  side, — all  of  these 
peculiarly  shaped  lamps  have  given  way  to  the  pear- 
shaped  bulb  now  generally  used. 

The  incandescent  lamps  as  made  in  America  include 
in  addition  to  the  16  and  2>-  c-p.  lamps  which  burn  on 
circuits  of  no  and  220  volts,  battery  lamps  which  are 
operated  from  an  ordinary  primary  battery,  and  lamps 
which  run  as  low  as  i  or  2  c-p.  These  are  made  in  va- 
rious shapes,  including  spherical  bulbs,  pear-shaped  bulbs 
and  decorative  bulbs  of  the  various  sorts.  The  realm  of 
incandescent  lamps  is  further  increased  by  various  forms 


Electrical    Ha  n  d  h  o  o  k  281 

wliich  are  made  for  use  in  medical  and  surgical  work. 
The  sizes  vary  from  a  small  bulb  having  a  diameter  of, 
say,  one-eighth  of  an  inch  to  lamps  as  high  as  150  c-p. 
The  larger  sizes,  however,  are  rarely  used,  though  they 
maj-  be  obtained  from  some  sources.  Some  of  the  de- 
signs of  the  decorative  lamps  are  very  prettj'  and  add 
materially  to  the  illuminating  effect  where  decoration  is 
desired. 

There  are  also  added  to  the  styles  of  lamps  those  hav- 
ing frosted  bulbs  and  reflector  lamps,  the  latter  being  a 


relatixely  recent  innfi\atii)n.  I  lusr  latter  very  fre- 
quently have  the  lower  half  of  the  lamp  bulb  frosted, 
while  over  the  upper  half  fits  closely  a  prismatic  glass 
reflector,  or  an  aluminum  cap  with  a  tinned  or  silvered 
surface  which  increases  the  illuminating  power  of  the 
lamp.  It  is  claimed  that  an  ordinary  16  c-p.  lamp  burn- 
ing at  no  volts  will  increase  its  illuminating  power  prac- 
tically to  double  its  ordinary  light. 

In  the  manufacture  of  incandescent  lamps  the  greatest 
care  is  necessary  that  all  of  the  parts  are  carefully  made 
and  carefully  assembled.  The  glass  composing  the  bulb 
must  lie  of  the  best  quality  for  the  work.     The  filaments, 


282  T  he    St.    Lou  i  s 

which  most  manutacturers  make  for  themselves,  receive 
very  careful  attention,  and  in  the  process  of  sealing-in 
the  filaments  and  exhausting  the  lamps  a  high  degree  of 
workmanslii])  is  re(|uired.  In  America  the  lamps  must 
not  only  give  16  c-p.,  but  they  must  as  well  maintain 
their  initial  candle-power  for  periods  running  from  600 
to  8co  hours.  The  demand  for  good  incandescent  serv- 
ice and  the  competition  between  the  manufacturers  is  so 
keen  that  this  is  ;in  important  feature. 

In  the  manufacture  of  incandescent  lamps  the  fila- 
ment, which  is  the  life  of  the  lamp,  receives  a  great  deal 
of  attention.  'I'he  majority  of  lamp  manufacturers  now 
use  cellulose  filaments.  These  are  drawn  through  glass 
dies,  carbonized,  and  flashed  in  a  hydrocarbon-vapor,  se- 
curing a  result  that  has  given  the  best  work.  The  differ- 
ent manufacturers  use  filaments  of  various  shapes.  Very 
frequently  the  length  and  the  particular  shape  of  the  fila- 
ment is  used  by  the  manufacturer  as  a  selling-point  for 
his  lamps.  Some  users  of  lamps  affect  to  disregard  the 
shape  of  the  filament  so  long  as  the  photometric  test 
gives  a  16  spherical  candle-power.  It  has  been  found 
that  the  lamp  with  a  generous  filament  distributed  in  the 
bulb  in  an  advantageous  way  will  give  good  lighting 
service. 

In  the  manufacture  of  the  Columbia  incandescent 
lamps  every  precaution  is  taken  to  make  a  completely 
successful  product  in  every  respect.  The  company  was 
organized  in  July.  i88g,  and  incorporated  in  1890,  with 
J.  H.  Rhotehamel,  president ;  W.  H.  Welch,  vice-presi- 
dent, and  E.  J.  Keist,  secretary  and  treasurer.  The  com- 
pany began  business  at  515  Elm  street,  St.  Louis,  with  an 
output  of  about  50  lamps  per  day.  The  latter  part  of  the 
year  of  their  incorporation  the  factory  and  offices  were 
moved  to  igi2  Olive  street,  where  the  manufacturing 
capacity  was  douliled  and  the  output  increased  to  100 
lamps  per  day.  For  twelve  years  the  company  continued 
at  that  address,  turning  out  a  splendid  quality  of  incan- 
descent lamp  and  making  a  special  feature  of  careful  in- 
spection over  every  step  of  the  manufacture  of  each  lamp. 

Towards  the   end   of   1902  the  company  changed   its 


Electrical    Han  d  h  o  o  k  sS^ 

location  to  its  present  quarters  at  21 15-ji  17-2119  Locust 
street,  St.  Louis,  thus  moving  into  a  new  and  modern 
factory  building  where  everj-  facility  is  afforded  for  the 
making  of  a  good  lamp.  The  company  has  been  fore- 
most in  all  that  is  good  and  progressive  in  the  making  of 
an  incandescent  lamp,  and  is  now  turning  out  so  many 
lamps  that  there  is  probably  only  one  other  manufac- 
turer in  America  that  exceeds  it  in  annual  output.  The 
policy  of  the  company  directs  that  the  lamps  must  be  per- 
fect in  every  respect,  that  they  shall  stand  up  under  hard 
and  long  continued  use,  and  that  their  quality  must  be 
maintained.  As  a  result  of  this  policy,  rigidly  adhered  to 
through  all  the  years  of  the  manufacture,  the  business  of 
the  companj-  has  e.xtended  into  every  part  of  the  United 
States  of  America,  into  Canada  and  into  Mexico,  in  ad- 
dition to  which  a  very  consideral)le  foreign  trade  has 
been  secured. 

In  1891  Mr.  W.  O.  Garrison  was  elected  vice-presi- 
dent of  the  company  and  Mr.  A.  C.  Garrison  secretary 
and  treasurer.  In  i8g8  the  original  president  of  the  com- 
pany died  and  Mr.  \\'.  O.  Garrison  was  elected  as  his 
successor. 

The  company  has  kept  pace  with  the  increasing  and 
varied  demand  for  lamps  by  manufacturing  almost  every 
conceivable  shape  and  size,  including  not  only  a  full  line 
in  standard  voltages  and  for  high-voltage  circuits,  from 
200  to  250  volts,  but  also  special  lamps  for  railroad  car 
lighting  on  low  voltage,  on  storage-batteries,  as  well  as 
for  the  axle-lighting  system.  In  the  high-voltage  lamps 
export  orders  from  England  and  Scotland  h&ve  grown  to 
immense- proportions.  The  manufacturing  establishment 
is  thoroughly  equipped  and  is  complete  in  everj'  detail. 

The  company  has  been  notably  active  and  successful 
in  the  fifteen  years  of  its  existence.  This  success  is  due 
chietly  to  the  fidelity-  of  its  officers  and  its  employees,  the 
heads  of  the  various  departments  being  men  of  large 
experience  in  their  respective  lines  of  work  and  having 
remained  with  the  company  for  long  periods  of  time. 


The  United  States  Incandescent 
L^anip  Company 

THE  U.  S.  Incaxdescext  Lamt  Company,  located 
at  201-203  South  Jefferson  avenue,  was  organized 
in  1898.  Their  principal  business  has  been  done 
with  the  leading  electrical  supply  houses  through- 
out the  United  States. 

This  company  manufactures  all  standard-type  lamps 
from  45  to  260  volts,  and  with  candle-power  range  from 
2  to  150  candles.  Daily  capacity  is  5,000  lamps.  This 
company  has  a  working  exhibit  in  the  Palace  of  Electric- 
ity at  the  Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition,  it  being  the 
first  public  exhibition  of  all  processes  emploj'ed  in  the 
manufacture  of  incandescent  lamps.  These  processes  are 
in  general  familiar  to  all  electrical  engineers,  but  partic- 
ular interest  will  be  centred  in  the  method  employed  to 
obtain  a  vacuum,  known  as  the  chemical  process.  The 
company  also  exhibits  a  method  of  manufacturing  cellu- 
lose. 

The  cellulose  is  made  from  absorbent  cotton  and  is 
dissolved  in  a  chloride  of  zinc  solution  to  the  consistency 
of  glucose,  and  is  then  squirted  through  a  glass  die  and 
falls  into  a  vessel  of  alcohol.  This  vessel  revolves  at  the 
same  rate  of  speed  as  that  at  which  the  cellulose  is 
squirted,  this  action  being  necessary  to  keep  the  cellulose 
from  being  drav^^n.  The  cellulose  is  then  dried,  formed 
as  desired,  and  carbonized  in  the  well-known  manner. 
It  is  then  treated  in  a  vacuum  chamber  into  which  gases 
are  admitted,  giving  the  filament  a  carbon  deposit  of 
great  density,  and  making  it  of  uniform  cross-section  ; 
then  it  is  mounted  on  a  stem  by  a  graphite  cement  which 
holds  it  firmly  to  the  platinum  leading-in  wires. 

The  stem  is  made  of  glass  tubing  flanged  to  fit  the 
neck  of  the  bulb  at  one  end  and  the  copper  leading-in 

284 


Electrical    H  a  )i  d  b  o  o  k 


2S- 


wires  at  the  point  at  which  the  phitinum  wires  are 
joined  to  the  copper,  are  pressed  into  the  glass,  making 
a  perfect  seal  at  the  other  end. 

The  glass  bulb  is  first  cleansed  and  then  a  glass  tube 
is  attached  to  the  bottom  of  the  bulb,  thus  furnishing  the 
means  for  obtaining  the  vacuum,  as  well  as  for  use  by  the 
operators  in  handling  the  bulb  while  performing  the  op- 
eration of  removing  the  neck  preparatory  to  sealing-in 
the  stem. 

The  stem  to  which  the  filament   is   attached   is  then 


.Squirting  Cellulose  Filament 

hermetically  scaled  in  the  bulb.  This,  like  all  other 
glass-working  operations,  is  performed  by  revolving  the 
glass  so  as  to  heat  it  uniformly  in  a  gas  glass-blower's 
fire;  this  operation  is  usually  done  by  mechanical  means, 
thus  insuring  uniform  heating. 

Then  comes  the  most  important  process  of  all,  the 
obtaining  of  the  vacuum  in  the  bulb.  The  process  em- 
ployed is  known  as  the  "chemical."  It  consists  first  in 
introducing  into  tlie  glass  tube,  at  the  bottom  of  the  bulb, 
a  chemical  which  at  a  low  temperature  volatalizes,  produc- 
ing a  vajjor  which  tmites  with  gases  generated  or  freed 


'86 


T  li  c   St.    Lou  i  s 


from  llie  tilanK-m  and  graphite  joints  wiien  tlic-  filanu-nt 
is  snhmitted  to  intense  incandescence  during  the  time  tlie 
lamps  are  attached  to  the  vacuum-pump.  The  gases  so 
formed  appear  in  the  bulb  in  the  form  of  a  blue  haze 
and  when  comliined  with  the  vapor  generated  by  heating 
the  chemical  in  the  tube  are  condensed  and  deposited  on 
the  inner  surface  of  the  bull).  The  tube  is  then  "sealed- 
off,"  leaving  the  small  tip  at  the  bottom  of  the  lamp. 
The  lamp  is  tested  to  determine  the  vacuum.  Each  lamp 
is   then   tested   by   a   photometer   to   determine   its   exact 


Chemical  N'aciium  ^l■occ^s 


voltage  and  current  consumption  at  the  desired  candle- 
power. 

The  base  for  making  contact  is  then  attached  by 
means  of  a  water-proof  cement,  and  the  leading-in  wires 
soldered  thereto,  thus  completing  the  lamp.  Each  lamp 
is  inspected  at  each  step  in  its  manufacture,  and  all  im- 
perfect ones  rejected. 

Many  of  the  processes  above  enumerated  are  patented 
but  employed  by  the  best  manufacturers  under  license. 
The  principal  difference  between  all  high-grade  lamps 
of  a  given  rating  consists  solely  in  the  variations  in 
voltage  and  current  consumption. 


TH 
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